Psychological Features of Investigative Actions - Part 2

[DronVR]

Psychological Features of Investigative Actions - Part 2

To be continued. Here are samples of manuals for investigators. Do not be confused by such words as “guilty”, “criminal” and the language of the article as a whole.

Tactics of interrogation of the accused
The tactics of interrogation of the accused has certain features, due to the following factors:

1) evidence has been collected in respect of this person, giving reason to argue that the crime was committed by him;

2) the accused is charged and he, comparing the wording of the charge and the actual event of the crime, can conclude what evidence the investigator has.

In addition, the interrogation of a given person as an accused was often preceded by an interrogation as a suspect, and the investigator has certain information about the identity of the accused. The tactics of interrogating the accused in a conflict situation are similar to the tactics of interrogating the suspect in the same situation. The difference consists mainly in the use of tactics based on the presentation of evidence and the psychological impact on the accused. If there are gaps in the aggregate of evidence that generally do not affect the investigator’s conclusion that the defendant committed the crime, then during the interrogation the evidence must be presented in such a way that the accused not only did not know about it, but also provided information about the missing evidence in his testimony. For this, various techniques are used, including a tactical technique based on creating an exaggerated idea of the amount of evidence available. The specifics of the tactics of interrogation of the accused also lies in the wider use of psychological influence. By the time the person is interrogated as an accused, the investigator, as a rule, has a fairly complete picture of the personality traits of the interrogated. Depending on their characteristics and the situation that develops during the interrogation, he applies methods of psychological influence: activates the positive qualities of the interrogated person (for example, analyzes the positive characteristics, provides personal observation of the accused’s behavior and concludes that the accused can improve and become a full member society, etc.); clarifies the legal consequences of active repentance and active assistance in solving the crime. The tactics of interrogating the accused in a criminal case of a crime committed by a group of persons have features due to the nature of the relationship between partners. With one of the accomplices, the accused can be connected by bonds of friendship, with others his relations are based on feelings of fear, on subordination or dependence, etc. If the accomplices of the crime are isolated from each other, then the relations between them change over time, especially when the accused is in custody, does not receive the help that was promised to him by those who remained at large. Therefore, in preparation for the interrogations, the investigator tries to determine which of the accused has a hostility towards accomplices and for what reason. He chooses the one who considers himself offended or deprived by his partners, reveals to him during the interrogation the system of relations that existed in the criminal group, and the place of the accused in the established hierarchy of relations.

Methods of psychological impact
The inequality in the position of the investigator and interested parties is due to the fact that the latter know what circumstances it is desirable to hide, while the investigator very often has a very incomplete idea of what exactly should and can be established in the case. The person conducting the investigation, following in the footsteps of the crime, is always "in the tail of events." The criminal has an inevitable gain in time and initiative, forcing the investigator to act in the most difficult situation. It should be noted that the investigation is not only characterized by a struggle. To a greater extent, the present investigator is characterized by a subtle psychological impact on the personality of the interrogated in order to change the state and even the orientation of this person in order to solve the crime and prevent crime.

Receptions of legitimate mental impact - methods of overcoming opposition to the investigation. The methods of mental influence have the super task - to psychologically disarm the opposing person, to help them understand the worthlessness, depravity of the chosen means of counteraction, to help change their motivation for behavior. Often, methods of mental influence are implemented in an acute conflict form, causing a frustration state of the interrogated person, reducing the possibility of his opposition. To enhance the frustration effect of the main incriminating evidence, appropriate psychological preparation is required for presenting it to the interrogated person, temporary switching of his attention to circumstances that seem to be favorable to his “legend”. A psychologically sound tactical device should be distinguished by its selective focus - to have the greatest impact on the mental state of the guilty person and be neutral with respect to the innocent, to have a shock effect - to be an unexpected, previously unencrypted person being interrogated. Methods of mental impact on the interrogated person in order to change his position and obtain true evidence can be divided into the following subgroups:

· Based on the use of individual psychological qualities of the individual;
· Based on the trust of the interrogated person to the identity of the investigator;
· Informing the interrogated person of the availability of reliable evidence;
· Creating an exaggerated representation from the interrogated about the amount of evidence available;
· Increased emotional impact associated with the presentation of unexpected information.

One of the methods of legitimate psychological impact is the concealment of gaps in the evidence system from the person under investigation. Showing increased interest in the secondary details of the event, the investigator indirectly makes it clear that he already knows the main thing. At the same time, it is important that the interrogated person does not receive information about the investigator's ignorance of a particular issue, and that the interrogated person constantly leaks information, displays awareness of those circumstances that can only be known to the person involved in the crime being investigated. One of the main means of mental influence is the question of the investigator. The question can be posed in such a way as to limit the measure of information for the interrogated person or to intensify his anticipating activities. The accused (suspect) always knows what incriminates him and feels the measure of approaching the investigator's question to incriminating circumstances. He analyzes not only what is being asked, but also what is being asked for. The investigator makes extensive use of opposing questions, that is, such questions that counter previous answers reveal their insolvency, express a negative attitude towards them from the investigator, and counteract the false attitudes of the interrogated. These questions - replicas demonstrate the investigator's informational awareness of the episode being investigated, warns of the impossibility of misleading the investigation. They may also use incriminating questions. The accused’s intense mental states are triggered by submitting at the most appropriate moments such information that dramatically violates the prevailing stereotype of behavior during interrogation, making it impossible to continue the chosen line of behavior. An effective method of exposing the guilty person by exerting a psychological impact on him is the use of evidence of behavior. The behavior of the perpetrator after the commission of the crime is psychologically sharply different from the behavior of the innocent. One way or another, but the behavior of the offender after the commission of the crime is determined by the factor of the crime, causally connected with it. Behavior evidence includes: visiting the scene to falsify genuine circumstances, measures to further conceal the traces of the crime, denying obvious factors due to hypertrophy of the protective dominant, silence about the revealing fact, about persons connected with the crime or knowing about it, reporting details of the event that can only be known to the criminal.

The position of the interrogated, his involvement is diagnosed by some external manifestations of his behavior during interrogation:

· An innocent person, as a rule, responds to a direct charge with a violent negative reaction; the guilty person often takes a wait and see attitude.
· The innocent constantly refers to specific points of the charge, refutes them with factual arguments; the guilty person avoids contact with specific charges, especially avoids re-returning to the main charge; his behavior is more passive;
· The innocent argues his innocence with a general socially positive style of his behavior; a socially deformed perpetrator neglects such arguments.
· The innocent is acutely experiencing the prospect of shame, the conviction of colleagues, bosses, relatives and friends; the guilty is only interested in the possible punishment.

The behavioral features of the interrogated have no evidentiary value. However, they can be used to determine the methods of investigation. In cases where the behavior of the accused shows fluctuations in the choice of the line of conduct, it is necessary to use the method of accumulating positive answers. At first, such questions are asked that only positive answers can be obtained; the emerging stereotype of productive interaction can facilitate the further receipt of answers to difficult questions. But you should always remember that mental violence is unacceptable - blackmail, threats, deceit, unwarranted promises, the use of religious prejudices, the lack of culture of the interrogated person, his ignorance of his rights, etc. All of these characteristics prove the paramount importance of the investigator’s psychological knowledge for successfully solving investigation problems crimes.

Psychological interrogation techniques in a conflict-free situation.

• The formulation of personally significant issues, the removal of emotional tension, the formation of a mental task.
• Actualization of interest in circumstances:

1) included in the subject of proof;

2) necessary for verification and evaluation of evidence;

3) tactically significant for interrogation of other persons.

• Disclosure of the personal meaning of truthful testimony.
• Reliance on the positive qualities and personal merits of the interrogated person.
• Rendering mnemonic assistance: Excitation of associations by meaning, temporal and spatial adjacency, similarity and contrast; Attachment to personally significant circumstances, diverse detailing interrogation.

Interrogation techniques in the situation of counteraction.

• Establishment of psychological contact, the removal of the emotional and semantic barrier, the manifestation of empathy and understanding of the psychological state of the interrogated, the use of operational - search data and expert data, the presentation of evidence on the increasing degree of their significance.
• Using the factor of surprise, temporarily disguising the purpose of the interrogation and the amount of evidence available, creating the idea of a significant amount of evidence from the interrogated person, demonstrating awareness of the details of the investigated event.
• The use of antipathies to individual participants in the crime, the presentation of evidence requiring a detailed testimony, the disclosure of contradictions in the evidence, the presentation of refuting evidence.
• The setting of incriminating indirect questions, the creation of situations causing provocations.

Methods of exposing lies

• The formulation of issues that are secondary from the point of view of the interrogated, but actually expose the person's involvement in the investigated event.
• Repeated detailed interrogation for the same circumstances. Creating an exaggerated view of the investigator’s awareness.
• Sudden posing of key issues, presentation of decisive evidence.
• Use of interrogated weaknesses.
• Disclosure of the personal meaning of giving true evidence.
• The creation of mentally tense states against the background of neglect by other participants in a group crime of the interests of the interrogated.

List of links: [DLMURL="https://anonym.to?https://flibusta.is/b/300686"] Author Unknown Interrogation Psychology [/ DLMURL]

© 2017 @lieme

 

[Люков]

thank