LEGAL QUESTIONS IN CHINA

[Юридическая Компания Лидер]

Agreement between the Russian Federation and China

Treaty between the Russian Federation and China on legal assistance in civil and criminal matters (Beijing, June 19, 1992)
The Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China, in order to cooperate in the field of legal relations on the basis of respect for sovereignty and reciprocity, decided to provide each other with legal assistance in civil and criminal matters and for this purpose agreed on the following:

Section I
General Provisions

Article 1
Legal defense

1. Citizens of one Contracting Party shall enjoy the same legal protection in respect of their personal property rights in the territory of the other Contracting Party as citizens of the other Contracting Party. They have the right to appeal to the courts and other institutions whose jurisdiction includes civil and criminal matters, and may initiate petitions and carry out other procedural actions on the same conditions as the citizens of the other Contracting Party.
2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall also apply to legal entities established in the territory of one of the Contracting Parties in accordance with its legislation.
3. The term "civil affairs", as used in this Agreement, also includes trade, marriage, family and labor matters.

Article 2
Legal Relationship Procedure

1. When making requests and providing legal assistance in civil and criminal matters, the courts and other competent institutions of the Contracting Parties shall communicate with each other through their central institutions, unless otherwise provided by this Agreement.
2. The central institutions referred to in paragraph 1 of this article include: on the part of the Russian Federation - the Ministry of Justice of Russia and the General Prosecutor's Office of Russia; by the People’s Republic of China - the Ministry of Justice of the PRC and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate of the PRC.


Section 3
Languages

1. In correspondence, the headquarters of the Contracting Parties shall use the official language of their country with a translation into the official language of the other Party or into English.
2. Instructions for the provision of legal assistance and the attached documents shall be drawn up in the official language of the requesting Contracting Party with a certified translation into the official language of the requested Contracting Party or into English.
3. When executing a request for legal assistance, the competent institutions of the Contracting Parties shall apply the official language of their country.

Section 4
Guarantees for witnesses and experts

1. A witness or expert who has appeared upon a call from a court or other competent institutions of the requesting Contracting Party transferred through the requested Contracting Party, regardless of his nationality, cannot be prosecuted in the requesting state or deprived of his liberty in any form for an offense committed by him prior to crossing the state border, or in connection with his testimony, acting as an expert or other actions affecting the content of the proceedings.
2. The witness or expert shall lose the guarantees provided by paragraph 1 of this article if he does not leave the territory of the requesting Contracting Party after 15 days after receiving from her a notification that his presence is no longer necessary, unless he cannot timely leave the territory of the requesting Contracting Party due to circumstances beyond its control.
3. The call referred to in paragraph 1 of this article shall be transferred in the manner provided for in article 2 of this Agreement. The call should not contain a threat of coercive measures in case of failure to appear.

Section 5
Legal Aid Costs

1. The Contracting Parties provide legal assistance free of charge.
2. The costs of travel, meals and accommodation of a witness or expert who appeared on call to the territory of the requesting Contracting Party shall be borne by the requesting Contracting Party. The expert, in addition, has the right to remuneration for the examination. The call must indicate what payments the mentioned persons are entitled to receive. Upon their request, the competent authorities of the requesting Contracting Party shall pay an advance payment to cover the indicated expenses.

Section 6
Refusal of legal assistance

If the requested Contracting Party considers that the provision of legal assistance is detrimental to its sovereignty, security or public policy, it may refuse to provide legal assistance, however, informing the requesting Contracting Party of the reasons for the refusal.

Section 7
Legislation applicable in the provision of legal assistance

1. The requested institution, in providing legal assistance, shall apply the legislation of its country.
2. In providing legal assistance in civil matters, the requested institution may also apply, upon request, the procedural rules of the other Contracting Party, provided that they do not contradict the basic principles of the law of the requested Contracting Party.

Section II
Legal assistance in civil matters

Chapter 1
Court expenses

Section 8
Security Exemption
court costs

1. The court of a Contracting Party shall not oblige a citizen of the other Contracting Party to make a pledge to secure court expenses on the sole ground that he is a foreigner or does not have a residence or place of residence in the territory of that Contracting Party.
2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this article shall also apply to legal entities established in the territory of one of the Contracting Parties in accordance with its legislation.

Section 9
Payment of legal expenses

1. A citizen of one of the Contracting Parties in the territory of the other Contracting Party shall pay legal expenses, including pre-paid amounts on equal terms and in equal amounts with the citizens of that Contracting Party.
2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this article shall also apply to legal entities established in the territory of one of the Contracting Parties in accordance with its legislation.

Section 10
Court exemption

1. A citizen of one of the Contracting Parties in the territory of the other Contracting Party shall be exempted from legal expenses on equal terms and equal terms with the citizens of that Contracting Party.
2. A citizen of one of the Contracting Parties, applying for exemption from legal expenses, must submit documents issued by the competent authorities at the place of residence or place of residence proving his identity and property status; if the applicant does not have a residence or place of residence in the territory of the Contracting Parties, he may submit the indicated documents issued by the diplomatic or consular mission of his country.

Chapter 2
Presentation of documents and implementation of individual
legal proceedings

Section 11
Help Volume

The Contracting Parties will, on request, hand over judicial and extrajudicial documents upon request, interrogate case participants, witnesses and experts, conduct on-site examination and examination, and perform other procedural steps to gather evidence.

Section 12
Direction of the order

1. A request for the delivery of documents and the implementation of certain procedural actions is made out in the form of an order. The order must contain the following information: name of the requesting and requested institution; surname and name, citizenship, occupation, residence or location of the person concerned and other persons related to the assignment; last name and first name, address of the representative; name of the case in which assistance is requested; content of the request; the name of the documents to be served, as well as other information that may facilitate the execution of the order. Together with the order, other documents and materials that are necessary for its execution must be provided.
2. The order and documents must be signed by the requesting institution of the Contracting Party and certified by its seal.

Section 13
Order execution

1. If, in accordance with the legislation of the requested Contracting Party, the execution of an order is not within the competence of the courts and other competent institutions, the order may be returned with an explanation of the reasons for refusal.
2. In the event that the requested institution does not have the right to execute the order, it is obliged to send the specified order for execution to the competent institutions, as well as notify the requesting Party thereof.
3. If the requested institution is not able to fulfill the order due to the inaccuracy of the address indicated in the order, it is obliged to take appropriate measures to clarify the address or require the requesting institution to provide additional information.
4. If it is not possible to clarify the address or execute the order for other reasons, the requested institution must notify the requesting institution about this and state the reasons that impede the execution of the order, as well as return all the documents and materials sent.

Section 14
Performance Notification

1. The requested institution shall, in the manner provided for in Article 2 of this Agreement, notify the requesting institution in writing of the results of the execution of the order, as well as send documents confirming the execution.
2. The document confirming the execution must indicate the date of receipt and signature of the recipient, the seal of the requested institution that executed the order, and the signature of the person who executed the order. If the recipient refuses to receive, the reasons for refusing to receive must also be indicated.

Section 15
Presentation of documents and the implementation of certain procedural actions
through diplomatic missions or consular posts

The diplomatic missions or consular posts of each of the Contracting Parties accredited to the other Party may hand over judicial and extrajudicial documents to their own citizens, interrogate them as parties to the dispute or as witnesses in the case. These actions, however, cannot contain coercive measures and contradict the legislation of the host country.

Chapter 3
Recognition and enforcement of decisions

Section 16
Recognized and Enforced Decisions

1. The Contracting Parties shall be obliged, in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, to recognize and, if this is required by the nature of the decision, to execute on their territory the following decisions made on the territory of the other Contracting Party after the entry into force of this Agreement:
1) court decisions in civil matters;
2) court decisions on compensation for damage in criminal matters;
3) decisions of the arbitration court.
2. The term "judicial decision" used in this Agreement means: in the Russian Federation - a decision, ruling, court order, amicable settlement approved by the court, as well as a judge’s ruling issued on the merits of a civil case; in the People's Republic of China - a court decision, determination, order and act of conciliation.

Section 17
Application for recognition and enforcement
court decision

1. An application for the recognition and enforcement of a court decision shall be submitted by the applicant to the court that made this decision and the latter shall be forwarded to the court of the other Contracting Party in the manner provided for in Article 2 of this Agreement. If the applicant has a residence or seat in the territory of the Contracting Party where the decision is enforceable, the application may also be submitted directly to the court of that Contracting Party.
2. The application must be in the form established by the requested Contracting Party. Attached to it:
1) a copy of the judgment, certified by the court; if the copy does not contain a clear indication that the decision has entered into force and can be enforced, one copy of the court’s certificate of this should also be attached;
2) a document certifying that the party that did not take part in the process was given a notice of submission to the court in the manner prescribed by law, and if it was incapable, that it had a proper representative;
3) a certified translation of the application referred to in this article and the relevant documents.

Section 18
Procedure for the recognition and enforcement of a judgment

1. Recognition and enforcement of a judicial decision shall be carried out in the Contracting Party to which the application is submitted in accordance with the procedure established by its legislation.
2. The competent institution to which the petition is requested shall consider the said decision with a view to its compliance with the requirements of this Agreement, but cannot verify it on the merits.

Section 19
Legal force of recognition and enforcement

Recognition or enforcement by a court of one Contracting Party of a judgment of a court of the other Contracting Party shall have the same effect as recognition or enforcement of a judgment of a court of that Party.

Section 20
Refusal to recognize and enforce a decision

Recognition and enforcement of a judgment may be refused in one of the following cases:
1) if, in accordance with the legislation of the Contracting Party where the decision is made, this decision has not entered into legal force or is not enforceable;
2) if, in accordance with the legislation of the Contracting Party to which the application for recognition and enforcement of the decision is requested, the case falls within the exclusive competence of the court of the requested Party;
3) if the party that did not take part in the process was not served in accordance with the legislation of the Contracting Party whose institution made the decision, a notice of summoning to the court or, if it was incapable, was not provided with a proper representative;
4) if, in the same legal dispute between the same parties, the court of the requested Contracting Party has already made a decision that has entered into legal force, or is pending there, or the decision of a third country in this case has entered into legal force;
5) if the recognition or enforcement of the decision may prejudice the sovereignty, security or public order of the Party to which the application is addressed.

Section 21
Recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards

The Contracting Parties will mutually recognize and execute arbitral awards of the other Contracting Party in accordance with the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards of June 10, 1958.

Section III
Legal assistance in criminal matters

Section 22
Help Volume

The Contracting Parties undertake to fulfill, at the request of the commission in criminal matters, the interrogation of witnesses, victims, experts, accused; search, examination, inspection and other procedural actions related to the collection of evidence; on the transfer of material evidence and documents, values obtained as a result of the crime, as well as on the delivery of documents related to criminal proceedings; inform each other about the results of criminal proceedings.

Section 23
Presentation of documents and implementation of individual
legal proceedings

1. The procedure for the delivery of documents and the implementation of certain procedural actions in criminal matters is determined by Articles 12-15 of this Agreement.
2. When sending the above instructions, the following shall be indicated: the qualification of the crime, the circumstances of the crime and the provisions of the relevant legislative acts.

Section 24
Transfer of money and material assets,
resulting from a crime

1. The Contracting Party shall, on the basis of the request of the other Contracting Party, transfer to this Contracting Party the money and material assets received by the criminal discovered on its territory as a result of a crime committed on the territory of the other Contracting Party. However, such a transfer should not infringe on the rights of third parties to these values.
2. In the event that the above money and valuables are necessary for the conduct of proceedings in the territory of the requested Contracting Party for other unresolved criminal cases, this Party may temporarily suspend their transfer.

Section 25
Refusal to provide legal assistance in criminal matters

The requested Contracting Party, in addition to the grounds provided for in Article 6 of this Treaty, may refuse to provide legal assistance in criminal matters on one of the following grounds:
1) the act specified in the order under the law of the requested Contracting Party is not a crime;
2) the suspect or criminal specified in the order is a citizen of the requested Contracting Party and is not in the territory of the requesting Contracting Party.

Section 26
Legal Notice
criminal proceedings

The Contracting Parties shall, on the basis of reciprocity, transmit to each other copies of the effective judgments handed down by their courts against citizens of the other Contracting Party.

Section 27
Information on previously committed crimes

The Contracting Parties shall provide each other, upon request, with free evidence of a criminal record necessary for them to consider a criminal case against a person who has previously been convicted by a court of the other Party.

Section IV
Other provisions

Section 28
Exchange of legal information

The Contracting Parties, upon request, provide each other with information on applicable or existing laws and judicial practice.

Section 29
Validity of documents

1. Documents drawn up or certified by a court or other competent institution of one Contracting Party are valid with a signature and an official seal. As such, they may be adopted by a court or other competent institution of the other Contracting Party without legalization.
2. Official documents drawn up in the territory of one Contracting Party shall use the evidentiary power of official documents in the territory of the other Contracting Party.

Section 30
Forwarding of civil documents
condition and other documents

In pursuance of this Agreement, the competent institutions of one Contracting Party, upon requests received through diplomatic channels, will send to the other Contracting Party free of charge extracts from civil registration books, certificates of education, seniority and other documents relating to the personal rights of citizens of the other Contracting Party Parties.

Section 31
Removal of things and money transfer

The provisions of this Agreement and its execution shall not impede the fulfillment by both Contracting Parties of their laws and regulations on the export of things and the transfer of monetary amounts abroad.

Section 32
Dispute Resolution

Disputes arising regarding the interpretation or execution of this Agreement shall be settled through diplomatic channels.

Section V
Final provisions

Section 33
Ratification and entry into force

This Agreement is subject to ratification; an exchange of instruments of ratification will take place in Moscow. This Agreement shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the exchange of instruments of ratification.

The agreement was ratified by resolution of the RF Armed Forces of February 26, 1993 N 4560-1

Section 34
Termination

This Agreement is unlimited and will expire upon expiration of six months after any of the Contracting Parties has sent written notification through diplomatic channels of its termination.

This Agreement was signed in Beijing on June 19, 1992, in duplicate, each in Russian and Chinese, both texts being equally authentic.

For the Russian Federation For the People's Republic of China
/ signature / / signature /

 

[Юридическая Компания Лидер]

Informations générales sur l'enregistrement d'une entreprise en Chine

Formes d'organisation des affaires en Chine.
Actuellement, il existe trois principales formes d'organisation des affaires en Chine pour les citoyens étrangers et les personnes morales:

Le premier et le plus simple est l'enregistrement en Chine d'un bureau de représentation d'une société étrangère. L'avantage d'ouvrir un bureau de représentation en Chine est qu'il nécessite moins de temps et de coûts pour s'inscrire. L'enregistrement d'un bureau de représentation dure un à un mois et demi. En outre, l'enregistrement d'un bureau de représentation d'une société étrangère en Chine ne nécessite pas l'introduction de capital social.

La deuxième forme d'organisation est l'enregistrement en Chine de coentreprises avec des partenaires chinois. Une partie du capital provient d'un investisseur étranger, une partie d'entreprises partenaires chinoises.

La troisième forme d'organisation est l'enregistrement en Chine de sociétés à capital 100% étranger.

 

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Société chinoise (LLC)

L'un des moyens les plus rapides, les plus pratiques et les plus économiques de faire des affaires en Chine consiste à investir indirectement dans des sociétés étrangères dans des sociétés qui sont officiellement des sociétés à responsabilité limitée chinoises ordinaires. Dans le cadre d'un tel schéma d'organisation des activités, les investisseurs sont officiellement les fondateurs chinois (nominés), et l'investisseur étranger réel agit en tant que directeur général / représentant légal.

Sur la base de la loi sur les sociétés du 1er janvier 2006, son représentant légal est légalement responsable des activités de la société en Chine conformément à la loi RPC, mais il ne peut pas être membre du conseil d'administration, détenir des actions ou des actions, ni participer à la distribution des bénéfices. Cependant, dans le schéma que nous décrivons, les fondateurs sont nominatifs et n'ont aucun lien avec l'entreprise outre la présence de leur nom dans les documents d'enregistrement. Toutes les activités de la société en Chine seront en fait contrôlées par un représentant légal - un investisseur étranger. Le coût approximatif des services des fondateurs des candidats en Chine sera de 300 à 500 dollars américains par mois (paiement 6 mois à l'avance).

L'un des principaux avantages de l'investissement indirect dans les LLC chinoises est la baisse considérable des besoins en capital fixe de l'entreprise. Depuis 2006, le concept de "société à responsabilité limitée d'un actionnaire" est présent dans le droit chinois. Un individu (un citoyen de la Chine continentale) peut créer indépendamment une société à responsabilité limitée, tandis que le capital autorisé payé au moment de l'enregistrement de la société en Chine devrait être de 100 000 yuans. S'il y a deux fondateurs ou plus, la taille du capital autorisé est fixée au niveau le plus bas possible - 30 000 yuans. A titre de comparaison: pour les entreprises à cent pour cent d'investissements étrangers, la taille du capital autorisé varie de 140 à 200 mille dollars américains, selon le domaine d'activité. La taille du capital autorisé est limitée et celle de la responsabilité de la société envers les créanciers.

L'avantage le plus important de l'investissement indirect dans une entreprise chinoise est l'achèvement plus rapide des procédures d'enregistrement pour ces entreprises. Les entreprises en Chine sont enregistrées auprès de l'Office of the Commerce and Industry Administration. Les principales étapes de l'enregistrement et le calendrier des procédures sont indiqués dans le schéma ci-dessous:

Étapes de l'enregistrement des sociétés en Chine:

Obtention de l'autorisation de nommer une future entreprise
(5 jours ouvrables)

Vérification des investissements
(3 jours ouvrables)

Obtention d'un «Certificat du droit de faire des affaires»
(5 jours ouvrables)

Enregistrement auprès des autorités statistiques
(5 jours ouvrables)

Enregistrement auprès des autorités fiscales
(7 jours ouvrables)

Ouverture d'un compte bancaire
(10 jours ouvrables)

Après avoir reçu le «Certificat du droit d'exercer des activités commerciales», l'entreprise est enregistrée auprès de la police, à l'issue de laquelle les sceaux correspondants sont délivrés (sceau de la société chinoise, sceau comptable, sceau des contrats, sceau du représentant légal (personnel)). Dans le cas où une entreprise en Chine a le droit d'exporter et d'importer des fournitures, elle doit subir un enregistrement approprié auprès des douanes.

Impôts sur les sociétés en Chine:
Toutes les sociétés enregistrées sur le territoire chinois paient un impôt sur le revenu des sociétés de 25%.
Taxe professionnelle. Le taux de cette taxe dépend du périmètre de l'entreprise. Par exemple, une entreprise d'import-export qui reçoit des revenus de la prestation de services sur le territoire de la RPC, par exemple des paiements de commissions, est tenue de payer 5% du montant de toutes les recettes indiquées sur les factures (fapiao) pour le paiement de ces services en tant que taxe sur l'activité économique.
Droit de timbre. Il est calculé en fonction de la superficie du bureau loué de la société en Chine et du montant du bail.
T.V.A. Le taux de base de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée est de 17%. Si l'entreprise a obtenu le statut de «contribuable ordinaire», la TVA peut être remboursée lors de l'exportation de marchandises en provenance de Chine. Sur la base de la déclaration d'exportation et d'autres certificats, un contribuable a le droit de demander mensuellement à l'administration fiscale une demande de remboursement de la TVA. Les taux de retour dépendent de la catégorie de marchandises exportées et, dans certains cas, jusqu'à 100% du montant de la taxe payée.
Une société / entreprise chinoise est également un agent fiscal pour le paiement des impôts sur le revenu personnel de ses employés et est également tenue d'effectuer les paiements appropriés aux fonds sociaux de l'État en tant qu'assurances sociales pour ses employés.

En plus des taxes de base ci-dessus, les entreprises en Chine sont tenues de payer des taxes pour soutenir la construction urbaine, les paiements en faveur du développement de l'éducation et l'irrigation. Il s'agit de montants insignifiants payés à hauteur de 1 à 5% du montant de la taxe payée sur les activités commerciales.

Les déclarations de revenus doivent être soumises tous les mois, que l'entreprise fonctionne ou non.

 

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Joint-venture

Actuellement, une coentreprise est une forme assez courante de financement de projets commerciaux dans le monde, qui est créée en tenant compte des intérêts et des besoins de ses participants pour une coopération à long terme dans le cadre d'une entreprise commune.

Coentreprises avec participation au capital du capital chinois.
L'enregistrement d'une société en Chine et les activités au sein d'une coentreprise avec participation de capitaux chinois et étrangers en Chine sont effectuées conformément à la loi de la République populaire de Chine "sur les coentreprises à capitaux chinois et étrangers" et au règlement "sur l'application de la loi de la République populaire de Chine" sur les coentreprises avec des sociétés chinoises et étrangères Capitale. "
Conformément aux lois de la République populaire de Chine, une coentreprise peut être créée dans les secteurs clés suivants:
énergie, industrie des matériaux de construction, industrie chimique, métallurgique;
génie mécanique, fabrication d'instruments, industrie pour la production d'équipements pour la production de pétrole sur les fonds marins;
électronique, production d'ordinateurs électroniques, communications;
industrie légère, textile, alimentaire, pharmaceutique, production d'équipements médicaux, matériaux d'emballage;
agriculture, élevage, production végétale;
tourisme et services.

Lorsqu'elles font des propositions sur la création de coentreprises, les autorités d'enregistrement font attention à l'efficacité économique et tiennent compte d'au moins une des exigences énumérées ci-dessous:

l'utilisation de technologies de pointe et de méthodes de gestion scientifique, la possibilité d'élargir la gamme de produits, d'améliorer la qualité et le volume des produits, d'économiser de l'énergie et des matériaux;
les avantages en termes de reconstruction technique des entreprises, la possibilité de réduire les investissements, d'augmenter l'efficacité et d'augmenter les revenus;
la possibilité d'augmenter la production d'exportation, d'augmenter les recettes en devises;
la possibilité de former du personnel technique et de gestion.

La coentreprise ne sera pas enregistrée si au moins une des circonstances suivantes se produit:
atteinte à la souveraineté de la Chine;
violation des lois et règlements de faire des affaires en Chine;
incohérence avec les exigences de développement de l'économie nationale chinoise;
pollution environnementale;
l'injustice apparente des conditions des accords, traités, chartes signés, atteinte aux droits et intérêts de l'une des parties.

Une coentreprise peut être constituée sous la forme:
entreprises communes
entreprises communes

Entreprise commune.
La création d'entreprises conjointes de coopération en Chine est autorisée sous la forme de sociétés à responsabilité limitée ou de sociétés ayant le statut d'entité non juridique, tandis que les partenaires du projet assument l'entière responsabilité des pertes subies par les sociétés. Dans la plupart des cas, les coentreprises sont constituées en sociétés à responsabilité limitée.
Joint-venture.
Il s'agit de sociétés à responsabilité limitée, où les biens personnels et les biens des personnes responsables sont protégés des pertes des entreprises, le montant même des pertes subies par une coentreprise de ce type est déterminé par le montant du capital autorisé transféré sur le compte de la société en Chine après l'obtention d'une licence pour l'activité économique.