AGENT RESPONSE IN COMBATING CRIME

[Витаутас. Частный детектив г. Вильнюс. Литва]

AGENT METHOD IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CRIME IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

"The goal and means of any effective response to the threat of organized
crime is information." This is the opinion of the American criminologists
D. Herbert and H.Tritt (D. Herbert, H. Tritt) very clearly reflects the
essence of the approach of the police and special services of the most developed
countries to combat this phenomenon. In practice, the
main focus is on the collection, accumulation, evaluation and processing of intelligence
information about criminal structures. "Quality information -
the key to a sound policy and strategy for controlling organized
crime, " says J. R. R. Tolkien.Dintino and F.Martens (J. Dintino, F. Martens).
This approach is based on a clear understanding that the main
object of influence of law enforcement forces in this area is
criminal organizations as a whole. "Our main goal today
is not to fight individual small - time crooks, but to destroy large
criminal organizations," said
William S. Sessions, director of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation. "By the method
"in the case of a particular case," Switzerland believes, "
only individuals can be identified who can easily be replaced in a
criminal group... Criminal prosecution authorities, if they want to
seriously fight organized crime, should set
themselves the following main goal: to defeat the organization by exposing the
maximum number of its members and, first of all, the leaders. And for this
, a widely conceived and persistently conducted program is necessary ... work on the
study of the entire" organism " of the criminal formation. ... Traditional
the method of investigation here would only be in the way."
The joint operation
of the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and the FBI "Pizza Connection"
("Pizza Connection") eventually led to large-scale
arrests of leading representatives of the international drug business.
Foreign experts, commenting on this fact, emphasize that the success of the case was
ensured by long-term, carefully prepared measures to
collect detailed intelligence data.
In contrast to the investigation of a common crime (crime -
when the police proceed from the fact of a known
violation of the law, the investigation of the actions of criminal organizations
requires long-term monitoring, which makes it possible to identify the goals, methods and
areas of their criminal activities, the structure and personnel, plans
and plans. The secrecy of criminal communities,
the measures they take to conceal traces of illegal actions, neutralize possible
witnesses and other objectionable persons, infiltrate
government structures, and use modern technical means, create conditions for-
in cases where the receipt of full - fledged
operationally relevant information to the law enforcement agency can only be provided
by special means and methods of covert investigation: electronic control
, surveillance, perlustration of mail correspondence, and,
finally, agents.
Let's focus on the latter in more detail and see how
Western law enforcement systems understand and evaluate the role of the agent method
. First of all, we note the fact that the legislative and judicial
authorities of developed countries have always actively supported the efforts on the criminal code-
to repress the agency activity, which occupies a significant place in the military
operations and actions of special services. The U.S. Supreme Court
has consistently emphasized the right of the police to obtain information
through whistleblowers. "The use of secret informants or
secret agents," says one of the decisions of this respected body, "
is a legitimate and proper practice of executing the law and is justified by the
interests of the public." (Laird v. Tatum. 408 U.S.1 (1972). The famous
Fourth Amendment to the American Constitution does not protect the offender
from the fact that the person whom he voluntarily confides in his illegal
actions will not expose them.
Actively using agents in their investigations,law enforcement
agencies also rely on the traditional sentiments of the Western public.
The absolute majority of the population, without identifying themselves in any way with the criminal
world or the activities of foreign intelligence agencies, generally approve
or neutral of the use of special
investigative methods by authorized bodies (the controversy
mainly concerns the definition of the scope of their application and forms of control,
excluding possible abuse).It also affects the traditional law
-abiding citizens, a fairly high level of public legal awareness.
There are also very real historical roots. So in Britain, even before the creation of
a permanent police system, since the beginning of the 18th
century, there was a system of "Do it yourself". Each citizen could independently
transfer the criminal to justice, counting on a part of the returned stolen
or other reward. The innate respect for the law of the majority of citizens allows and
Today, such police programs as, for example, the Canadian ones are widely used"
Neighbor doglyad" or "Grab your hand". The scheme of the latter is as follows. Any resident
Ottawa, noticing someone's suspicious actions, can call the police and
tell them about their observations. If the suspicions are correct and
lead to the arrest of the criminal, the source of the information will receive a financial reward.
At the same time, full incognito is guaranteed, which removes fears about the possible revenge of
the criminal: the amount due can be claimed in the bank,
by naming an individual number that is issued to the caller to the police. In Japan,
discipline, conformity, and deep-rooted corporate
traditions allow the police and intelligence services of this country to firmly rely
on the confidential information assistance of almost any citizen.
Let us note by the way that Russia is more characterized by the tradition of hiding
thieves and dashing people from the authorities, sympathy and assistance to prisoners.
Police leaders in developed countries proceed from the fact that
among the special methods the use of secret agents and informants-
The LEU is the most effective "technique", in particular, in the fight against
organized and" white-collar " crime, corruption, and
terrorist organizations. In these areas, the agents receive the
bulk of the most valuable and directly relevant
information. It is not for nothing that the popular phrase among American police officers is: "A policeman is as good as his intelligence is good."


"A whistleblower is a crucial means of investigation," says
the American criminologist, J. R. R. Tolkien.Wilson (James Q. Wilson), long-time researcher-
he supported the activities of two very effective US intelligence agencies - the FBI and
DEA, - In February 1976, I interviewed 10 FBI employees
who had investigated a total of 86 criminal cases, half of them using
informants, some of them for purely informational purposes,
others for active activities. For example, the informant helped the
criminals to organize an attack on the trailer, while the FBI cell-
mines kept the situation under control, ready at any time to
carry out an operation to capture."
Paradoxically, but despite the rapid development of technology
electronic control the importance of agents as an effective means of
covert investigation increases. The reason is that the complexity
of the structure of social relations in the modern world inevitably leads to an
increase in the role of the human factor. This is also natural for such a specific
area as operational and investigative activities. It is very characteristic
that the March 1992 hearings of the House Intelligence Committee
of the US Congress revealed a trend indicating
that the main focus in the activities of the intelligence community
this country will be made to work with agents, not technical
means. With the arrival of Robert Gates (R. Gates) to the post of director of the CIA and the
nominal head of the entire intelligence system of America,
the work on expanding the agent network was actively launched. Former
CIA director and now an intelligence expert, Richard Helms,
in a recent interview with the Paris-based magazine Women Afrique,
spoke out in favor of more active use of methods
of intelligence gathering.
Here is the time to explain some of the features of the special ter-
minology. In the practice of the American Federal Bureau of Investigation,
some other law enforcement agencies of this country, as well
as other states, the following concepts are used:
1) confidential source - a person who transfers
on a confidential basis information to which he has
legal access due to his objective position. A confidential
source is usually not associated with the criminal world, provides
information without the need for special incentives. Confidential source-
a nickname can be, for example, a bank employee, a college employee, a
salesperson, a businessman, and so on;
2) informant, informer (Informant, Informer, technical
term "Cooperating Individual" - CI) - any other person who transmits
FBI information on a confidential basis. Usually this is a person who is closely
connected with the objects of secret investigation and has
reliable access to operationally valuable information in this regard. Most often, an osvedomist is a direct
representative of the criminal world. Frank-
Furth prosecutor G. Koerner, expert in the criminal world notes: "U zako-
But a law-abiding, orderly, scrupulous, cautious, and
straightforward person has no chance of becoming an informant ... This means that the
informant usually has a successful criminal career behind him or a
considerable experience of contacts with criminals."
The DEA uses the following terms:
1) class I informant - a representative of the criminal environment or a person
closely associated with this environment. It usually cooperates consciously,
but sometimes it is also used "in the dark". For example, a street
drug dealer may not know that he is making transactions with a DEA employee, and
thus inadvertently leads him to a wholesale supplier of the purchased
product;
2) class II informant - an ordinary citizen. For example
, a hotel employee who informs about the arrival of an object of operational attention in the city
or a legal dealer in chemicals that can be
used in the production of amphetamines or barbiturates.
In the process of investigation, the police and special services widely and in
various forms use the help of informants: from simple one-time
tasks to participation in complex and long-term operations. At the same
time, a special category of
covert employees - "secret agents" - is involved in particularly responsible operations, especially
when it comes to obtaining not just operational information, but evidence for the
trial.
In accordance with the" Instructions of the US Attorney General on Covert
operations of the FBI " of 1987 (Attorney Generals Guidelines on FBI
Undercover Operations )A "secret agent" is a full-time employee ... The press has received information about methods of combating this type of
moral crime, such as the involvement of children in the porn business
with the use of blackmail and violence. Since crimes of this kind are usually
committed in a private setting, the police widely use
surveillance, special electronic technology to solve them.-
ku, video and sound recording, practices the introduction of agents into the appropriate environment.
In the summer of this year, the US FBI completed a large-scale operation to
uncover fraud in the field of public health services, as
a result of which more than 100 people were arrested in 52 cities of the
country. At the same time, the FBI used numerous agents in the colonies of
various national minorities to obtain signal
information, monitor the situation, and conduct research.
In recent years, most of the highly developed countries of the West in the past-
The tax authorities were given the powers of law enforcement
agencies in accordance with the legislative procedure. In their structure there are services tax
on investigation, using financial and tax investigations form
and methods of work characteristic of the police and intelligence: hidden
surveillance, detention, searches and arrests; the interception of correspondence
and wiretapping; the application of operative techniques
the safe and sound and video recordings; involvement of agents and paid
informants.
So the US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has
the right to conduct special operations and use the institute of secret
assistants. The targets of the IRS ' covert investigations were large
businessmen, bankers and managers, judges and prosecutors, military personnel,
elected officials, trade union leaders and leaders
of various public organizations, as well as government officials at all
levels and representatives of various structures of local executive
power.
working under the direction and control of the FBI in
a particular investigation, whose relationship with the Bureau is hidden from third parties during the operation
by using a cover-up or fictitious setup data.
"Covert operation" - an operation of covert investigation, in which
a "secret agent" is used. Serious operations usually involve "
secret agents" and informants. Often, the supervisor introduces an agent into the organization who acts in an appropriate role.

A "covert operation" usually ends
with a trial with an agent acting as the main
witness to the prosecution. In 1984, U.S. Attorney General W. H.Smith (W. Smith) oharakteval
"covert operations" as one of the most effective and successful investigative
tools. "In many cases," he stressed, " this
tool is the only method of combating evil."
The method has been recognized by the US Congress as an exceptionally effective weapon in the fight against corruption and organized crime.
The Federal Bureau
of Investigation has been using "secret agents" in criminal investigations since
1972. In 1973-74, they were used in about 30
cases. By 1984, the number of such investigations had reached 391, and
expenses totaled $ 12,518,000. Currently, this method is
used by almost all departments of the US law enforcement system.
One of the most famous facts of this kind, the data about which
was disclosed in 1982 - the penetration of FBI agent Joe Pistone
(Joe Pistone) to the upper layers of "La Cosa Nostra", where he spent six
years. As a result, it became possible to prosecute a number of leaders of the
American mafia. The successful implementation of the agent was partially
suspended due to fears for his life. It's not that he was
exposed by criminals, and in its very success. Pistone played his
part so well that there was a danger for him in the fight against a
rival criminal gang. In 1987
, the results of Operation "Double Steel", conducted by the FBI in
New York State to identify and expose corrupt officials, were widely publicized in the press.
With a miniature recording device hidden in his
clothes, a secret agent who performed under the name of merchant Vinnie Silon (
Vinnie Silon), for two years 106 (one hundred and six) I offered it once
bribes to state officials, met with only one refusal, and
then, because the object considered the proposed amount insufficient.
Similar methods are also used by the French police, in particular the
"investigation and capture brigades" - BRI, whose employees monitor
the criminal environment from the inside. In Switzerland, in recent
years, full -
time police officers, called "taupe" - "mole", have been introduced into the criminal environment along with the usual agents. The Hungarian police
have units of highly covert officers,
specially trained to work in the underworld. The operational
activities of the "OP" department of the Hamburg Criminal Department
are based on the use of so-called "undercover employees" ("verdeckte
vermittler") in a criminal environment. There are also special and
lyceum services in other countries.
Attention is drawn to the tendency to expand the range of subjects
and objects of application of modern technologies
of covert investigation. Only in the United States, in addition to police agencies at various levels, you can
count more than a dozen federal agencies that use the following methods:
secret search, and, above all, agents. These include the FBI, CIA, and <url>-
DOD, Military Counterintelligence, Drug Enforcement Agency
, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Weapons
Control, Immigration and Naturalization Service, Internal Revenue Service,
Marshall Service, Coast Guard, Customs
, Treasury Department Secret Service. According to Professor Garry
T. Magh, special investigation methods are also increasingly used
by federal agencies, which at first glance are very far from law enforcement.-
non-governmental activities. In their study, the "Undercover" Professor
this connection referred to the departments of agriculture, interior
housing and urban development government administration
service, the nuclear regulatory Commission, the Commission on the goods and tor-
trade, some congressional committees and the Department responsible for
questions of consumption, health, and environmental protection Agency
for vehicles etc. The fields of application of these methods are also
very diverse. For example, the U.S. Forest Service reported in 1985
about his plan to combat illegal marijuana crops, which includes the
use of 500 special agents. In June 1990, an employee of the American
electronic company "Plume Technology" R. Hoffman was arrested at the
Los Angeles International Airport while trying to get a check in the
amount of 150 thousand dollars from the agents of the United States Customs Service,
posing as intermediaries of South African companies. Hoffman is charged with
illegally selling secret technology abroad. The Financial and Tax Inspectorate of the Federal Republic of Germany (Steuerfahndung) also pre --
the right of perlustration of mail correspondence, wiretapping of
telephone conversations, use of special operational
and technical means and secret informants was delivered.
What are the special agencies guided by when determining the required number of
informants? From the open research of some American criminologists,
it is known that, for example, the DEA does not provide
for quantitative quotas for agents. The investigation of cases in the field of combating drug trafficking
is impossible without the active use of agents, so the
headquarters of this department quite reasonably judge the quality of agents.-
The number of successfully
investigated cases is determined by the number of successful work of any territorial department. In the FBI, unlike the DEA, control over the use of
agents is more centralized. For many years, the agency has
sought to maintain a high level of whistleblower numbers
by introducing certain quotas for their presence in operational units.
The heads of the FBI offices, who allowed a general reduction
in the number of agents, could be severely criticized by the
inspectors of the central office. Often, this approach gave rise to-
failures in statistical reporting, or, to use a more understandable language,
complaints.
It should also be noted that the instructions for the FBI indicate the need to
minimize the use of informants or confidential
sources in the investigation of cases related to the
internal security of the country.
But this is general information. Specific quantitative
characteristics of the intelligence and information activities of the police and special services
have always been considered strictly confidential information, and no self-
respecting state allows
the relevant information to be made public without special need. So really oce-
It is very difficult, if not impossible, to determine the extent of such activities.
We can only be content with individual facts and reports.
For example, in Chicago alone, according to the FBI,
5,145 paid political informants were hired between 1966 and 1976. They
cost $ 2.5 million. But this data does not include a whole army of informants
who worked "on the investigation of the reds" in the Chicago police
department. Not included here are informants from other police
and intelligence agencies-federal and state - that worked together with the FBI, and
also informants used in this city in other areas of law
enforcement activities.
In two and a half years, the Citizens Committee on Police
Repression (Los Angeles) has discovered the infiltration of at least
six undercover police agents. So, the police agent D. Odom
worked in the Committee for more than two years and during this time gradually reached
the leadership post-became the secretary of the organization. The agent
was also S. Solomon , one of the leaders of the National Union of
Racial and Political Repressions.
Up to 100 agents and informants were involved in one anti - corruption and organized
crime operation, ABSCAM, which covered three
American states. It
lasted for about two years and cost about $ 800,000.
The police departments of Western countries do not hide that they actively
recruit informants from among the servants, doctors and nurses, employees of
various entertainment establishments, taxi drivers,
garage employees and other persons who, in her opinion, are most likely to
have contacts with representatives of the criminal world. However, the greatest
the value is represented by informants who are directly connected with the criminal world.

The DEA Territorial Office, whose work was studied by James
Q. Wilson, arrested 234 people in drug cases during the
year and recruited 11 of them as informants. In total, during this
year, the department recruited 72 informants, 43 of them
volunteers (those who want to earn money, relatives of drug addicts
who seek revenge on drug dealers, drug sellers who hope to eliminate
their competitors in the field
of drug trafficking, and patriotic citizens).
I would like to focus on one of the most important aspects of
using the agent method - guarantees of confidentiality.
The "Circular on the Use of Whistleblowers and Other
Informants" (Germany) states: "In carrying out their tasks in the field of
security and criminal prosecution, the police also rely on such
information and testimony from the public, which can only be obtained
if confidentiality guarantees are respected." And further: "... the provision
of confidentiality guarantees and the use of whistleblowers, as appropriate-
meets the requirements of the practice. This is a fundamentally recognized state
-legal
means of security and criminal prosecution in judicial practice and legal literature."
In the police textbook "Interrogation Techniques" by Professor Friedrich Geerds of the University of Frank-Furth
, it is emphasized: "With any
involvement in the case of an agent-informant, the best thing is not to mention
even this fact in the materials." Attorney General
Germany Dr. Geiser stated: "It is in the interests of the state to protect in every possible way
from the unmasking of the information web that has been created so hard, entangling criminal
groups." These quotations clearly express the
main official line of the authorities in this matter, and not only
in Germany.
To assist the police in protecting such a source
of intelligence as whistleblowers, the US Supreme Court has formulated
basic provisions that amount to the following. The privilege
of the public prosecutor is the privilege of the Government not to disclose information about persons
who provide information to the police about violations of the law. Goal
privileges - ensuring and protecting the interests of the public in the field
of law enforcement. At the same time, the Court proceeded from the duty of citizens to report crimes
committed, being committed, and being prepared, and from the
duty of the relevant State bodies, while maintaining the anonymity
of citizens, to encourage them to fulfill this duty.
In 1982, the US Congress passed an amendment to the National
Security Act of 1947, which provides for strict criminal
liability for the disclosure of the names of secret employees and osvedo-
FBI agents embedded in criminal organizations. In practice,
the FBI firmly adheres to the rule of
never "burning" an agent, except in special cases when it is not
possible to bring criminals to justice if the agent does not
stand up in court on the side of the prosecution. And this is done only
with the consent of the agent and with the approval of the highest ranks of the FBI. The head of one
of the FBI's anti-organized crime units
said: "We guarantee the anonymity of informants. Sometimes for the sake of
to protect them, we even have to abandon the implementation of large and progressive
cases." This position is explained by the fact that the appearance of an agent in
court deprives the special service of a useful operational source. At the same
time, the guarantee of absolute anonymity is an essential aspect for encouraging
future informants to cooperate. "People know that they
can trust us," says a representative of this department.
The protection of police channels of confidential information is also facilitated
by a federal law against attempts to use any kind of information.-
b) means to prevent anyone from reporting information to the authorities
that relates to a violation of any U.S. criminal law (18 USC,
§ 1510). Another important issue is the provision of legal guarantees. The main
difficulty lies in the fact that an informant or agent embedded in a
criminal group can somehow be involved in counter -
equal actions. He will not be able to get the necessary information if he is not
an integrated element of the criminal community, does not
enjoy full confidence in this environment, which does not tolerate neutral observers.
Only persons involved in their
preparation or implementation are privy to criminal plans.
The study of Western publications allows us to identify
two main aspects of this problem. The first of them reflects the need for exemption
from criminal liability (or its mitigation) for a previously committed
crime of a member of a
criminal community involved in tacit cooperation. The second concerns the determination
by law of the limits and circumstances of the possible participation of an agent in the illegal
actions of criminals in the course of performing the tasks of an operational body.
Mitigation or even release from punishment is
a significant incentive for the offender to assist law enforcement
agencies. "Self-preservation is the main law of nature," the Americans write
Harney M. L. and Cross J. C. in their well-known study on agent
work, " therefore, we can expect a favorable emotional reaction
of the future agent in relation to the goals of operational development, if there
are things that he is afraid of, for example, the threat of criminal punishment."

the relevant legal acts, and in particular the legal structure of
the main witness for the prosecution (from among the repentant members of the mafia), would not have been
able to deal decisive blows to organized crime.
These circumstances are actively used in operational activities
. For example, James Q. Wilson, reviewed the cases of 39 informants
recruited by one of the DEA's territorial offices and found that
20 of them cooperated in the hope of avoiding criminal punishment or
mitigating it (of the remaining 9 worked purely for remuneration, two
for ideological reasons-anti-Castro activists, one hoped to
earn American citizenship, and the rest-good
citizens who collaborated, inspired by the idea of eradicating such
evil as drug addiction). Legal norms that encourage active repentance are also applied in a
number of other countries. It is characteristic that the international seminar on the
fight against organized crime, held in 1991 in our city
of Suzdal, recommended as an effective measure to create "
opportunities for the release of ordinary criminals from criminal prosecution-
for their actions in the interests of exposing the leaders of organized
criminal groups."
The second aspect of the problem is typical for already active informants
and "secret agents". According to the instructions of the FBI, the secret
agent is informed that communication with the Bureau will not protect against arrest
or prosecution for violation of the law
, unless the Federal Bureau determines that the person's participation in
activities that would otherwise be considered criminal is justified
. In what cases are the illegal actions of a secret employee?-
qa can be recognized as useful to society? Refer to
the U.S. Attorney General's Instructions on Covert Operations of the FBI (1987): An
official cannot recommend or approve the participation of an
undercover employee or informant in illegal activities, because
such participation is not justified in the interests of:
(a) Obtaining information or evidence necessary for
the priority purposes of prosecution;
b) establishing or maintaining the plausibility of a cover-
up with persons related to the criminal activity under investigation;
c) preventing or avoiding the risk of death or serious
injury.
Participation in activities that are considered
a serious crime under the law (other than buying and selling stolen and contraband
goods) is authorized in advance by the leadership of the FBI. To participate in the
purchase and sale of stolen and contraband goods and other small items
a written authorization from the head of the local FBI office is sufficient for violations.
If unexpected situations arise that
require the agent to participate in a serious crime (felony), he
should immediately consult with the special agent (the head of
the territorial division of the FBI) and the latter can
sanction such participation. If the consultation is not possible and there is
a serious threat to life and physical safety (including
destruction of property by explosion or arson), the agent can sa-
you can make a decision to participate in criminal activities.
If we talk about the general attitude of Western lawyers to this
problem, then as an illustration, we can cite the statement of
J. R. R. Tolkien.Wilson: "The Drug Enforcement Agency, by introducing an
agent into an organization engaged in the illegal distribution of drugs
, must be prepared to allow the latter to
buy and sell drugs and possibly be involved in violent activities
... This is the agent's behavior, " Wilson emphasizes,-
not only does it not contradict the law, it will also be morally justified."
Such approaches are supported by American legal norms.
US criminal law allows an agent to pose as an accomplice
in a number of situations without fear of being prosecuted.
For these purposes, there is an institution of false or imaginary
complicity.
A false accomplice (Feigned Accomplice) is a person who, at the
direction of a police official or on his own initiative, pretends to be
an accomplice to a crime in order to reveal the perpetrator
the crime and assist in its prosecution. American
criminal law excludes the responsibility of a "false accomplice",
since there is no criminal intent in his actions and he
is not guilty of committing a crime. Moreover, US law
allows, under certain conditions, provocative actions
on the part of an agent, that is, actions to incite a person to
commit a crime in order to bring him to criminal responsibility.
Provocation as a method of activity of US law enforcement agencies
it is divided into "legitimate"and " illegal". The system of criteria
that determine the" legality "of provocation makes it possible to
legally provoke persons who are "predisposed" to commit a
crime. If the agent, in order to initiate criminal prosecution,
encourages the subject to commit a crime that he did not
intend to commit, his actions are considered as " entrapment"
(entrapment) and are declared illegal. However, the lawyer
defending the criminal in court, to prove the fact of " involvement in the trap"
it is very difficult because US law does not define a clear boundary between the
provocation and the lawful actions of the agent. The claim that an unlawful
provocation took place can only be relevant if
it is established that a law enforcement officer
or a whistleblower exerted "pressure" to encourage the accused to commit a
crime. In turn, the latter usually finds himself in a very
difficult position, since he is forced to prove that without such
pressure he would not have violated the law. Note that the provocateur is not attracted-
the person who has been subjected to the provocation is held liable regardless of the nature of the provocation (in the case of an
"unlawful" provocation, the person who has been subjected to it is released from
criminal liability).
The tendency characteristic of Western legal systems
to allow a suspect to commit a crime under the
control of a law enforcement agency in order to expose him
is very clearly expressed in the words of the Frankfurt specialist in
criminal law, Klaus Ludersen: "To protect persons prone to criminal
offenses from the final fall - abuse, non-compliance-
it is incompatible with respect for human dignity and is contrary
to the social objectives of the State." Translated from the German bureaucratic
and it will probably sound like this: "The thief should be in
prison!.

Adashkevich Yu. N. Speeches in the framework of the "round table ""Organized crime-2" / / Ed. by A. I. Dolgova, S. V. Dyakov /Criminological Association. - M., 1993. - P. 208-220;

 

[Матушкин Андрей Николаевич]

Thank you, Vytautas. I read it with pleasure.

 

[Симферополь]

Thank Vytautas No exaggeration - a cool article! Despite the development of technology, the agent-based method was, is and will remain the pinnacle of operational art, which not everyone can master!

 

[Частный детектив. Харьков.]

Thank you colleague. Interesting ........ We would have such grandmother, so I had informants about half of Ukraine.

 

[Патрушев Михаил Владимирович]

Thank! Interesting. True dictum: "The policeman is as good as his knowledge-
tel. "

 

[Частный детектив Нижний Новгород]

thank

 

[ТИМУР]

Sensibly. Thank.

 

[Частный детектив Севастополь ОДБ]

Thank you, very interesting material. At all times, agents have been the most effective means of intelligence, counterintelligence, and operational-search activity. There was no alternative, no and is not expected.

 

[Частный детектив Днепр]

Thanks Vytautas! I liked the article - 5 +!

 

[Плотников Юрий Михайлович]

Interesting article, thanks!