Industrial espionage or business intelligence?

[Детективное агентство. Украина. Харьков. Львов.]

Andrey MANUKYAN, CFO of the Russian representative office of Centurion Boats:

- Industrial espionage is one of the forms of unfair competition in the economy, which, however, is not avoided by anyone - neither small enterprises, nor powerful states. The main task of “curious subjects” is to save money and time that it takes to catch up with a competitor or get ahead of him. Close attention is given to the key points that create benefits. For example, new, promising technologies, new and again promising markets.

Naturally, each company is interested in having confidential information about competitors, while avoiding leaks themselves. This task is especially relevant in times of crisis. So, today the threat of layoffs leads to a loss of loyalty on the part of employees who easily become the prey of collectors of other people's secrets. And when information flows are poorly controlled, the vulnerability of the company increases.

However, it must be understood that in industrial espionage, the subject uses illegal competition tools. This is bribery or blackmail of persons capable of transferring documentation or product samples; theft of documents or samples; sabotage; secret penetration of a competitor's object; introducing an agent to a competitor’s enterprise; theft of information through the illegal use of technical means (wiretapping of telephone lines, penetration into other people's computer networks, etc.). True, in recent years, enterprises are increasingly choosing legal industrial espionage - business intelligence, or benchmarking.

Business intelligence is an integral part of the corporate culture of modern business. Unlike industrial espionage, business intelligence is carried out within the framework of existing legal norms and gets its results through the analytical processing of a huge amount of open materials. The advent of new information technologies and the relative cheapness of access to resources allow analysts to prepare materials that help in making strategic decisions. As for Russian practice, small and medium-sized enterprises resort to industrial espionage more often because they are not trained in business intelligence methods, and sometimes do not even know about their existence.

The market segment in which our company operates (selling premium-class towing boats) in Russia and the CIS countries is still at the initial development stage, and the competitive war here is not so aggressive. However, business intelligence is one of our priorities. Since November 2008, an analytical department has been operating, which collects information about competitors, examines their intentions, investigates market conditions, analyzes possible risks, protects their information, and conducts special events aimed at protecting the image of the enterprise, leader and countering the black PR . Now we can respond more quickly to changes in the external environment. The data obtained will be taken into account when drawing up a strategic development plan for 2010-2012. I am sure that in the near future, business intelligence will become an integral part of doing business for every company interested in quality management.

If the company is aimed at further growth and is going to take a leading position in its market segment, business protection is necessary. Inside it, special profile departments should be created that will protect information. At our formation stage, our company paid the most serious attention to this issue. Innovations in our business play a paramount role both technically and in the design and equipment of boats. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent any leakage of information, conduct official investigations on each fact of the disclosure of trade secrets. The costs of developing this area are fully justified.

I can recommend the following: if your company can earn big money, be prepared for defense. The more successful your business, the more willing to push you from a distance. Therefore, in no case can you save money on protecting your business, especially in times of crisis, when competitors are ready to take any measures in order to win your client.

EXPLANATORY DICTIONARY
Benchmarking is an activity through which a company studies the best products and the marketing process used by its direct competitors and companies working in similar areas to identify possible ways for the company to improve its own methods.

Benchmarking is carried out on two levels.
Strategic benchmarking is to ensure that the company's strategy is in line with key success factors in the industry and competitor behavior strategies.
Operational benchmarking is a more detailed process. It aims to ensure that the various functional areas of the company’s activities (production costs, sales efficiency, research and development, etc.) are sufficient to excel over competitors and build a competitive advantage.
Kirill KERZENBAUM, head of the group of technical consultants at Symantec (Russia and CIS countries):

- In Russia, there are practically no known cases of industrial espionage: in some industries they are not subject to disclosure, in others no one has learned about it. As regards Western experience, it cannot be said that there are many such examples, especially in the information technology industry. Basically, these are cases of loss and theft of various portable devices that contained sensitive information. But this does not mean that the problem of data protection does not exist.

Depending on the nature of the business, its mobility, you can choose various scenarios - from total control of everything and everything to point-to-point protection solutions. My advice: despite the fact that cases of intentional theft of information (industrial espionage) occupy about 1% of the total leakage of confidential information, it is necessary to develop a set of measures to combat them. Therefore, it is important to integrate the applied software solutions to control the transfer of information, as well as the usual means of physical security: access control to the room, photocopying, etc.

If we talk about companies like ours, in terms of information security they are not much different from other manufacturing companies that need to protect the so-called intellectual property in the first place: drawings, layouts, designs, program code, etc. For the industry that produces software , this task is somewhat facilitated, since the main object of protection is the program code, and it is much easier to control it in the data stream than other design documentation, which can have a huge number of formalized types. Symantec, as the developer of its own confidential data leakage control product, solves this problem in the best possible way - using its own technologies. Protection against information leaks, like other types of protection tools, must be implemented comprehensively. The point is that absolutely all departments, absolutely every informational workplace of an employee are covered; absolutely all information transfer channels are transferred under close control: the Internet, mail, external storage media, print, fax, etc. To increase the overall effectiveness of the security system, the introduction and use of such technologies must be accompanied by interaction and control by information security services, and also informing employees.

Ekaterina NIKONOVA, Head of Marketing and Advertising, STEKLONiT Management:

- Cases of industrial espionage in Russia, of course, are known to me, however, they are rarely made public. For example, at one of the largest metallurgical enterprises in Russia, for a fee, an employee on a regular basis monthly provided competitors with the company's shipping base: prices, volumes, consignees, payers. A criminal case was even instituted against him. Incidentally, the case is indicative: espionage usually thrives in areas where all information is closed in established markets.

For example, in our market (geosynthetic products for reinforcing roads) it is customary to hide the prices of products sold. Despite the existence of the “Prices” section of most competitors on the Internet resources, price lists are not posted in it. And marketers, to make a price analysis of the market, are forced under different legends, posing as potential buyers, to lure them. And this is a troublesome business: the creation of a legend includes the organization of a fictitious company, the manufacture of seals, and the receipt of a separate fax number. It is sometimes easier and cheaper to exchange this information on an ongoing basis with competitors. But if there is no management authorization, you have to buy information from them.

In developed markets, no one makes a secret of this kind of information, so there is no reason to waste the company's money on “special operations”. In countries with more developed markets, industry unions are specially created to collect information, and all enterprises that are members of such a union are willing to share it. Then the reason for spy games disappears.

But to protect truly important and confidential information, special measures are, of course, necessary. And the efforts of not only the security services are important here. One of the main factors I consider staff loyalty to the company. If it becomes unprofitable for a person to sell information, if his work at the enterprise is much more important and more profitable than the bonuses that his competitors promise him, then the danger of data transfer will decrease sharply. By the way, at our enterprise we are holding a competition in which employees are encouraged with bonuses and trips for useful information about competitors.

Summing up, I will say that domestic industry needs to decide on the circle of information that should be considered closed. This includes information about innovation, technology and materials. And part of the information must be made publicly available - then the need for its theft will disappear.

Valery ANDREEV, Deputy Director for Science and Development, IVK:

- Cases of industrial espionage receive publicity only in extreme cases. An attacker does not make sense to brag about such exploits, and the injured party does not want to look messy - this is a blow to the reputation. It is hardly possible to get decent compensation even after winning a case in court. Indeed, the intellectual property of Russian IT companies, with rare exceptions, is not protected by patents and certificates.

In addition, it is usually not brought to the state of technology alienated from the developer.

I think the most common way to “borrow” technological secrets is to lure key professionals.

In our company, the first echelon of defense is the protection of the intellectual property of the CPI. We have already received a number of patents for our developments, several more patents are in the works. Naturally, we take all necessary protective measures - from technical to organizational. For example, creating the perimeter of an organization, building security at the entrance to a company, dividing information by degree of importance and topic, providing employees access only to the information they need, anti-virus protection, monitoring the session with the OS, preventing the installation of unauthorized software, encryption tools, etc. At the same time, we use our own software products and the development of other companies.

An important role is given to increasing employee loyalty to the company, in particular the creation of motivation. The necessary measures to protect information I have listed above. It is important to bring them into the system and direct them to protect really significant information about real financial flows (debts, etc.), the state of warehouses, the real cost of operations (costs), agreements with third companies, technological know-how. The distribution of company officials by area of responsibility is also required.

INSIDER PERFECT HACKER
The situation in Russian companies can be assessed by the results of a study conducted by Perimetrix, which is known in the information technology market for its developments to implement data privacy and confidentiality.

So, the most dangerous threats to their business, Russian companies consider an information leak and staff negligence (73 and 70%, respectively). Another trend is that companies are more afraid of equipment theft (growth from 25 to 38%), which are also directly related to information leakage. But the danger from external threats (viruses, hackers and spam) in comparison with the data for 2007 is estimated by them as less significant.

What information most often “leaks” from Russian companies and how? The answer to this question has not changed much compared to last year - personal data (68% of respondents) continue to fall into the most-at-risk group.

Only 40% of Russian companies say they plan to introduce leakage protection over the next three years. 35% of organizations intend to implement cryptographic systems for stored data, and another 33% - information security management systems. More than half of the companies are still trying to deal with leaks exclusively through administrative measures, not daring to introduce technical protection systems.

The danger of internal threats is also increased due to the fact that “negligent” insiders, as a rule, are punished only by severe reprimand, and malicious ones - by dismissal from the company without negative entries in the workbook. Evidence from the study indicates that domestic security violators rarely face serious sanctions, such as prosecution or financial recovery.

According to the analytical center Perimetrix, over the next year, the internal security market will continue to grow, although not too fast. This situation is associated with both external factors (financial crisis) and internal market realities (primarily the limited supply and resources of vendors). However, there is a high demand for comprehensive protection systems today, however, it will be realized only after two or three years, as the financial situation stabilizes and new players enter the market.

An insider is a person who has proprietary information about the company and its commercial operations (inside information). The disclosure of such information to a wide circle of people leads to a change in the price of shares. By the way, every fifth used mobile device contains confidential information.

According to a study conducted by British Telecom's Information Systems and Security Systems Research Center, Glamorgan University in Wales, and Edith Cowan University in Australia, a significant number of used handheld communication devices that end up with a new owner still contain confidential corporate and personal information .

EXCURSIONS
The mystery of the ancient hairstyle

The history of economic intelligence goes back centuries. Being a kind of engine of progress, it changed its character and form, but the catch phrase, attributed to the Rothschilds - “who owns information, owns the world” - has always remained relevant.

The story of a Chinese princess, who in the 4th century BC, presented her husband, the ruler of Malaya Bukhara, with a priceless wedding present - silkworm larvae as a textbook example of espionage in the ancient world. At that time, China was a monopoly producer of silk, and the secrets of its manufacture were kept in strict secrecy for 20 centuries. By law, anyone who tried to take out silkworms was punishable by death. Nevertheless, the princess managed to deceive the guardians of law and order and remove the larvae from the country by hiding them in her hair. And in the 4th century AD, a Chinese silk secret also fell into Byzantium: for a good reward, wandering monks delivered emperor silkworms from China to Emperor Justinian, who hid them in their hollow staves. The secret to making silk was revealed, as a result of which China lost its monopoly and huge profits.

The division of labor, the development of trade and the emergence of money stimulated the development of economic intelligence. As soon as innovations began to make a profit, some tried to keep them secret, while others tried to master this secret. Moreover, espionage was both private and state in nature. For example, the medieval merchants of the Mediterranean countries, whose welfare depended on the success of trade, vigilantly watched the goods of their competitors. And the merciless Genghis Khan did not begin a single campaign without collecting complete information about the economic situation in the territory of the future enemy, his natural resources, the availability of minerals, the level of development of crafts and military affairs, hidden treasures, and rich burial grounds. Moreover, destroying the population of the cities he conquered, he saved the lives of those who owned crafts and forced his soldiers to learn the secrets of their skills.

And what is the hunt for the secret of Chinese porcelain, which the French stole, and the British patented, after borrowing it from the neighbors. Or the American abduction of drawings of spinning machines that worked in English factories in Lancashire, which was the starting point for the creation and development of the cotton industry in the New World.

But it is no coincidence that we started with Rothschild. It is believed that the Rothschild banking house (with branches in Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna and Naples) has developed one of the greatest economic intelligence systems of its time. The scam of Nathan Rothschild, who owned a bank in London, became a classic. After the Battle of Waterloo, thanks to his informants, he was the first to know about Napoleon’s defeat and defiantly proceeded to mass sale of British stocks. The stockbrokers immediately followed suit, because, knowing the knowledge of Rothschild, they decided that the British lost to the French. When the securities fell to an extremely low level, Rothschild secretly bought them all to one, receiving a 20-fold income. Such matters enriched the clan so much that it allowed it to control the entire economy of Great Britain. And over time, and turn London into the financial capital of the world.
Source: “Economic Security”, Article from the issue of March No. 03

 

[Матушкин Андрей Николаевич]

Thank you, Sergey!

 

[Детективное агентство. Украина. Харьков. Львов.]

Industrial espionage - a reality in the CIS

Industrial espionage in relation to business is a type of economic espionage, when the task of obtaining information of interest is narrowed from the state to one or more competing firms. Thus, for business, industrial espionage is just a way to compete. And if in the case of economic espionage the subject (the party that carries out active actions) is the state in the person of its special services, then in the case of industrial espionage the subject is a separate entrepreneur, a company, i.e. natural or legal person .

Industrial, or business espionage, usually has two objectives:

· Check the reliability of the business partner;

Oust or destroy a competitor.

To achieve the goal, information is needed. In the first case, the minimum task is this: you need to make sure that the business partner is really able to fulfill its contractual obligations and, as they say, "will not throw you". In the second case, it is desirable to know everything about the competitor: the sources of supply of goods, the contracts being prepared, the financial condition, the methods of work of the company and constant business relations - in general, everything that determines the economic situation of a competitor. Having received the necessary information, they analyze it and determine the possibility of entering into business relations with a partner (if the goal is to verify the reliability of the partner) or determine how to influence a competitor, for example, intercepting deliveries or contracts, luring the most valuable specialists, transferring confidential information about a competitor to law enforcement organs (it’s always better for someone else to do the “black” work). In a word, there are many ways to influence competitors, including physical destruction. Like any other, industrial espionage can be open (legal) or closed (in this case, illegal methods of obtaining information are used). Legal business espionage (some authors call it competitive espionage) includes methods such as press analysis, advertising publications, etc. A simple analysis of advertising allows you to evaluate the profits of a competitor with an accuracy of 10-15%, outdoor video surveillance of the office allows you to assess the number of employees, their financial situation, habits, makes it possible to find out the circle of people included in the highest level of the organization. All this information can become the basis for identifying candidates for undercover development.

Illegal business espionage includes:

· Undercover method of obtaining information;

· Technical methods for obtaining information (such as interception of telephone conversations, audio information, mail and electronic messages).

The undercover method of obtaining information is the basis of the foundations of any type of espionage. Two areas of activity are possible here: either recruiting, or introducing one's own person. Both methods have a place to be and have their advantages. In any commercial structure, there are second or third parties who, by their knowledge and experience, approach the level of senior management and who are able to independently conduct their own game. The result of the recruitment may be that profitable orders go "to the left", i.e. those individuals who organized business espionage in their favor. If we accept that the ultimate goal of industrial espionage is to destroy a competitor and consider the option of physical destruction of one of the first persons, then the implementation option has significant advantages, because trust in your person, of course, more. At one time, the famous businessman I.Kh. was poisoned in Moscow. Kivilidi - someone treated the telephone line of his work phone with poisonous substance. The objects of undercover development can be not only, say, second or third parties of a competitor, but also any employees of any, even the lowest, link. They are quite capable of carrying out a hidden installation of the appropriate equipment, which in everyday life is called "bugs", "mosquitoes", etc. To install such equipment, it takes from a few seconds to two to three minutes, and to install equipment that intercepts telephone messages, you don’t need to get into the office at all, you just need to find the Uncle Vasya telephone operator who agrees to find the desired telephone cable.

Thus, we moved on to technical methods for obtaining information. Strictly by law, the production and marketing of such equipment is prosecuted and punished with a long term. The question is only the complete legal confusion, what is meant by the term “special technical means for tacitly obtaining information (STS for NPI)”, because there are a huge number of legally sold electronic equipment, for example, voice recorders, home video cameras, cell phones, cordless phones, binoculars etc., which may be used for the purpose of secretly obtaining information. And there is a large amount of equipment that can be adapted for these purposes. For example, radio stations with a wide range of frequencies or, from another area, a medical echo-phonendoscope, can be used to take information from vibration-bearing structures of walls, doors, windows. If you remember, this method was demonstrated in the good New Year film "Wizards". The classic way of industrial espionage. From the author’s point of view, the main criterion for recognizing or not recognizing one or another STS equipment for NPI is only the established and proven fact of its use for these purposes. If we return directly to the topic under discussion, then we can say that as long as there is competition and there is a need to obtain information, such equipment will still appear in circulation and will be used. There is demand, there will be supply. From my experience I can give an example: two companies were engaged in the production and installation of sliding wardrobes. One firm quickly figured out how to lure customers. All customers usually call, leave a reservation and provide their coordinates for communication. So, the task is formulated: to get information about these customers and their orders. The problem was solved by technical means, as a result of which the managers of a competing company called these customers and offered them their cheaper options. A similar problem in another case was solved by an undercover method. The manager-agent sent via cellular communications in the form of SMS-messages information about potential customers of construction works to their new owners. How widespread is the phenomenon of industrial espionage now? As they say, there are no official statistics in this regard. According to publications in the foreign press in countries with economies in transition (i.e., unstable), one in four entrepreneurs has at least once encountered the problem under discussion. The author can also agree with these figures, one can add that over time we will be able to predict a trend towards an increase in such cases in connection with the growth of small and medium-sized businesses in the country.

COMPANY INFORMATION SECURITY

The above-described task, of course, is completely opposite in objectives to the task of industrial espionage. In this case, the task is to minimize losses from information leakage. But the methods remain the same. Only the technical method becomes priority, and the role of the auxiliary is assigned to the agent. According to foreign analysts, the human factor, i.e. talkativeness of employees accounts for up to 60% of all information leakage. The remaining 40% is something that can be intercepted by technical means, using various channels of information leakage, which can be divided into groups.

The largest channels of information leakage are as follows:

Acoustic. The medium for transmitting voice information can be air, building structures, etc. The method of interception is the use of special tools such as stethoscopes or directional microphones, or tools that can be adapted for these purposes.

Electromagnetic. Information is transmitted by means of electromagnetic waves that arise around wires, individual nodes of office equipment used indoors or electromagnetic waves are emitted by specially established technical means. The method of recording information is the use of special tools.

Optic. The information carrier is electromagnetic waves in the ranges of visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation. In this case, we can talk about spying or visual observation. The method of interception is the use of binoculars, video cameras, night vision devices.

Thus, from a technical point of view, there are few “pain points” of information leakage:

· The premises themselves (acoustics, supporting structures, windows);

· Radiation from office equipment;

· Computers (unauthorized access and hacker attacks);

· telephone communications;

The easiest way is to solve the issues of closing the technical channels of information leakage in the following ways. At present, existing countermeasures are now almost 100% possible (a certain percentage should always be left “in reserve”, because scientific thought is developing and for every new shield someone will definitely find effective countermeasures. Actually, in the eternal competition between the sword and the shield is the dialectic of the development of all military science). A more difficult task is to reduce the percentage of information leakage due to the human factor. A person can be warned of responsibility, take a non-disclosure subscription from him, but this still does not give a full guarantee. The next step: the recruitment of secret employees within the team and the installation of special equipment sets in motion a complex of problems where ethical, legal and economic issues are tightly intertwined. Nevertheless, these measures can only reduce the percentage of information leakage. A person at work is a certain number of hours, and the rest of the time he meets with someone, communicates, etc., where it is almost impossible to control. There is a need for a special service and periodic inspections of personnel on “lie detectors”. The author has already talked about the eternal competition between the sword and the shield. Here we can add only a small remark: it has historically been the case that the cost of a good shield is usually several orders of magnitude higher than the cost of the sword. Your money is always a pity, but the lack of a good shield can lead to more serious losses.


Source: Spectr-Gran.RU

 

[Матушкин Андрей Николаевич]

Re: Industrial espionage - a reality in the CIS

Thank!

 

[НСК-СБ]

Gray Internet ...

How to find on the Internet what is there ... no. About this "Voice of Russia" said the head of the Russian intelligence technology agency "R-Techno" Roman Romachev

Every day, millions of documents from various sources appear on the Internet. Among them is information classified as “secret”, which comes from state-owned corporations. Often, it settles on the so-called “invisible” Internet and becomes easy prey for cybercriminals.
About what the Internet does not “see” and what it threatens, said Roman Romachev, head of the Russian intelligence technology agency R-Techno, to Voice of Russia.
- You are doing intelligence on the Web, what is your job?
- We do business intelligence on the Web to get information about legal entities and individuals. The information contained there plays a very important role, as it is a global source. We stand guard over the security of business, primarily, naturally, of Russian.
- What is the "invisible" Internet?
- “Invisible” Internet - information that is stored on the Web and which was not indexed by search engines such as Google and Yandex. And therefore, this information is very difficult for a simple user to find. That is, she is invisible to him.
These are databases, that is, corporate information, and personal information. “Invisible Internet” arises for several reasons: the first, if links to a particular document have not been published on pages known to search engines. That is, no one refers to this document anywhere.
The second reason when documents are laid out on the Web in an unknown format for search engines is, as a rule, archived files. We sometimes encountered archivers with such ridiculous names as KGB, which few people use. The Network does not see them archived in this way, or rather, it sees their presence, and what's inside is a mystery to everyone.
- What is the danger of the "invisible" Internet for the average user?
- It is dangerous because many users who are not versed in the IT sphere post documents on websites and servers without thinking that they contain either confidential information or personal data. And, accordingly, this is an uncontrolled process.
Now, in June, an interesting time begins, when many universities begin to post on the Network information about applicants, exam results, along with passport data of people. That is, the Law on personal data is violated openly. Last year, we recorded about ten such cases. And now we are waiting for the next wave.
- That is, the "invisible" Internet threatens with leaks of classified information that can also be used by hacker attackers. I understand correctly?
- Yes, absolutely right. Nobody controls this information and only an experienced user can find it - a hacker. And the information is different, I would probably say about the files that are laid out by government departments before. These are the so-called black lists of tax evaders, alimony, lists of companies that are registered with fake passports, companies that are involved in the financing of terrorism. They are laid out in formats that are unreadable for a simple user.
These files are essential for business. Since cooperation with blacklisted companies ensures that you become, as it were, accomplices in the crime. That is, without checking the company for presence in the "black list", it is possible in the future to undergo inspections by tax and law enforcement agencies. This is quite a serious danger to business.
“This is indeed a serious danger.” As far as I know, your agency has created a free search service on the invisible part of the Internet? Who might need it?
- In the West, there has long existed such a concept as Comppliance, that is, checking companies for references to such black lists. They are very seriously puzzled by the counteraction to laundering criminal proceeds. The lack of such information poses a serious danger. Accounts of companies abroad may even be blocked if they have not verified their counterparty. There may be problems with traveling abroad, as Western intelligence agencies may suspect that they are accomplices of illegal financial transactions.
- This free search service can be useful in the light of the active development in the country of electronic public services?
- A couple of years ago we were puzzled by this problem. Why, in fact, did the service arise? He is needed in order to check his counterparty for involvement in any illegal actions. Since search engines often do not work very well on portals of government departments, finding the right information is problematic. And we collect all this, put it on the server, and everyone can use it.
- That is, honest taxpayers, if I understand you correctly, can go to this resource, drive in their data: name, surname, middle name and find out how much they owe to the state?
- Yes, of course, but not only to the state, but again, as I said, to other outsiders.
- Roman, please tell me, do you want to offer this system of state power as a specialized search platform?
- We did not consider such an option. I think the state itself should be interested in order to create a single search server for all its departments. While it is very far from this, but over time, I hope, government agencies will come to the realization that you need to use a single search engine for all your files.
Author: Marina Volkova
Source: Voice of Russia

 

[Матушкин Андрей Николаевич]

Re: Knights cloak and laptop

Thanks for working on the forum.

 

[Игорь Коракс]

Re: Knights cloak and laptop

Interesting stuff, thanks.

 

[Игорь Эдуардович]

Re: Knights cloak and laptop

Thanks, read, it was interesting.

 

[@InfoPoisk]

Re: Knights cloak and laptop

An interesting resource, a link would be found to dig. : roll:: roll:

 

[НСК-СБ]

Re: Knights cloak and laptop

WebInsight is a search service on the invisible part of the Internet, namely, according to the documents of the Federal Tax Service, the Federal Social Security Service, the Pension Fund, the Federal Antimonopoly Service, the Labor Inspectorate, the Fed, the Ministry of Emergencies, the Arbitration Court, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Security Service, as well as the documents of law enforcement, control and supervisory authorities of the CIS countries : Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Moldova, Transnistria, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Abkhazia, etc.