Матушкин Андрей Николаевич
Президент IAPD
Staff member
Private access level
Full members of NP "MOD"
Genesis, formation and features of the development of private detective activity in Russia: historical and legal aspect.
" Russian State University of Justice "(St. Petersburg)
Performed by:
Skorik Daniil Dmitrievich
Significant changes in the socio-political life and economic development of Russia, in the process of building a legal state, required the improvement of all public relations. First of all, this applies to relations that ensure the personal security of citizens, the protection of their life, health and private property, which is proclaimed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation1.
The emergence of new forms of ownership in the Russian economy, the growth in the number and appearance of new economic entities, the aggravation of the problems of combating crime have led to quantitative and qualitative changes in the subjects of security. The socio-political and legal realities of the modern model of Russian society and the state system: the rejection of the primacy of the state, the transition to market mechanisms of the economy, the recognition of private property, the priority of protecting the inalienable rights of man and citizen in law enforcement policy – led to the formation of the institution of private, non-state investigation, authorized and regulated by the norms of state law.
The essence of private detective activity is to collect information in order to protect the rights and interests of individuals and legal entities guaranteed by law in the areas of personal and property relations through amicable agreements, civil or criminal
legal proceedings. The demand for it is confirmed by the increase in self-employed detectives and detective agencies every year. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, as of January 1, 2020, 615 individual entrepreneurs whose field of activity is "investigative activities" and 63 legal entities were registered in Russia. In comparison: as of the beginning of 2019, 60 private organizations and 464 private detectives worked in the field of "investigative activities" in the country, and in 2018 – 48 and 306, respectively.2
The relevance of the topic of the work lies in the needs of modern society in the institute of private investigation. For its development, a new mechanism of regulatory legal regulation is needed, the development of which should be based on historical experience.
The analysis of the genesis and evolution of private investigation carried out in the work showed that at various stages of social development, its subjects are state bodies, private individuals or their associations, the ways of its organization, means and methods are chosen. Moreover, some of them receive regulatory and legal consolidation, while others either remain customary or are completely prohibited by law.
Private investigation in Russia dates back to the very moment of the birth of the national statehood, originating in the norms of customary law. The methods of organizing private investigation, its organizational and legal foundations and competencies in the field of combating crime have evolved from private law to state-legal dominant and, finally, to the status of an auxiliary tool of state detective agencies.
Today, private detective activity, being one of the types of non-state law enforcement activity, is an integral element of the law enforcement system of Russian society. Private detective and security structures make a significant contribution to ensuring the security, first of all, of the individual and property, their services can also be in demand by the state. However, to increase the effectiveness of the institute of private detectives in Russia, as well as its integration into the international law enforcement field, it is necessary to improve the regulatory framework in accordance with modern conditions.
" Russian State University of Justice "(St. Petersburg)
Performed by:
Skorik Daniil Dmitrievich
Significant changes in the socio-political life and economic development of Russia, in the process of building a legal state, required the improvement of all public relations. First of all, this applies to relations that ensure the personal security of citizens, the protection of their life, health and private property, which is proclaimed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation1.
The emergence of new forms of ownership in the Russian economy, the growth in the number and appearance of new economic entities, the aggravation of the problems of combating crime have led to quantitative and qualitative changes in the subjects of security. The socio-political and legal realities of the modern model of Russian society and the state system: the rejection of the primacy of the state, the transition to market mechanisms of the economy, the recognition of private property, the priority of protecting the inalienable rights of man and citizen in law enforcement policy – led to the formation of the institution of private, non-state investigation, authorized and regulated by the norms of state law.
The essence of private detective activity is to collect information in order to protect the rights and interests of individuals and legal entities guaranteed by law in the areas of personal and property relations through amicable agreements, civil or criminal
legal proceedings. The demand for it is confirmed by the increase in self-employed detectives and detective agencies every year. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, as of January 1, 2020, 615 individual entrepreneurs whose field of activity is "investigative activities" and 63 legal entities were registered in Russia. In comparison: as of the beginning of 2019, 60 private organizations and 464 private detectives worked in the field of "investigative activities" in the country, and in 2018 – 48 and 306, respectively.2
The relevance of the topic of the work lies in the needs of modern society in the institute of private investigation. For its development, a new mechanism of regulatory legal regulation is needed, the development of which should be based on historical experience.
The analysis of the genesis and evolution of private investigation carried out in the work showed that at various stages of social development, its subjects are state bodies, private individuals or their associations, the ways of its organization, means and methods are chosen. Moreover, some of them receive regulatory and legal consolidation, while others either remain customary or are completely prohibited by law.
Private investigation in Russia dates back to the very moment of the birth of the national statehood, originating in the norms of customary law. The methods of organizing private investigation, its organizational and legal foundations and competencies in the field of combating crime have evolved from private law to state-legal dominant and, finally, to the status of an auxiliary tool of state detective agencies.
Today, private detective activity, being one of the types of non-state law enforcement activity, is an integral element of the law enforcement system of Russian society. Private detective and security structures make a significant contribution to ensuring the security, first of all, of the individual and property, their services can also be in demand by the state. However, to increase the effectiveness of the institute of private detectives in Russia, as well as its integration into the international law enforcement field, it is necessary to improve the regulatory framework in accordance with modern conditions.
Original message
Генезис, становление и особенности развития частной детективной деятельности в России: историко-правовой аспект.
«Российский государственный университет правосудия» (г. Санкт-Петербург)
Выполнил:
Скорик Даниил Дмитриевич
Значительные изменения в общественно-политической жизни и экономическом развитии России, в процессе построения правового государства, потребовали совершенствования всех общественных отношений. В первую очередь, это относится к отношениям, обеспечивающим личную безопасность граждан, защиту их жизни, здоровья и частной собственности, что провозглашается Конституцией Российской Федерации1.Возникновение новых форм собственности в российской экономике, рост численности и появление новых субъектов хозяйственной деятельности, обострение проблем борьбы с преступностью повлекли за собой количественные и качественные изменения субъектов обеспечения безопасности. Социально-политические и правовые реалии современной модели российского общества и государственного строя: отказ от примата государства, переход к рыночным механизмам экономики, признание частной собственности, приоритет защиты неотъемлемых прав человека и гражданина в правоохранительной политике, – обусловили становление института частного, негосударственного сыска, санкционированного и урегулированного нормами права государства.
Суть частной детективной деятельности состоит в сборе информации в целях защиты гарантированных законодательством прав и интересов физических и юридических лиц в сферах личных и имущественных отношений посредством мировых соглашений, гражданского или уголовного
судопроизводства. Востребованность ее подтверждается увеличением с каждым годом самостоятельно работающих детективов и детективных агентств. По данным Федеральной службы государственной статистики, на 1 января 2020 года в России зарегистрировано 615 индивидуальных предпринимателей, чьей сферой деятельности является «деятельность по расследованию», и 63 юридических лица. По сравнению: по состоянию на начало 2019 года в сфере «деятельности по расследованию» в стране работали 60 частных организаций и 464 частных детективов, а в 2018 – 48 и 306 соответственно2.
Актуальность темы работы заключается в потребности современного общества в институте частного сыска. Для его развития необходим новый механизм нормативного правового регулирования, разработка которого должна вестись с опорой на исторический опыт.
Проведенный в работе анализ генезиса и эволюции частного сыска показало, что на различных этапах общественного развития его субъектами выступают органы государства, частные лица или их объединения, избираются способы его организации, средства и методы. Причем, одни из них получают нормативно-правовое закрепление, другие же либо остаются обыкновениями, либо вовсе запрещаются правом.
Частный сыск в России восходит к самому моменту зарождения отечественной государственности, беря начало в нормах обычного права. Способы организации частного сыска, его организационно-правовые основы и компетенции в сфере борьбы с преступностью эволюционировали от частноправовых к государственно-правовой доминанте и, наконец, к статусу вспомогательного средства государственных органов сыска.
На сегодняшний день, частная детективная деятельность, являясь одним из видов негосударственной правоохранительной деятельности, является неотъемлемым элементом правоохранительной системы российского общества. Частные детективные и охранные структуры вносят существенный вклад в обеспечении безопасности, прежде всего, личности и собственности, их услуги также могут быть востребованы и государством. Однако, для повышения эффективности института частных сыщиков в России, а также интеграции его в международное правоохранительное поле, необходимо усовершенствование нормативной правовой базы в соответствии с современными условиями.
Last edited:
