Detectives e investigadores privados de todo el mundo

[Матушкин Андрей Николаевич]

Detective in the "XXI Century"

Detective in the XXI Century

Former policeman selling stolen goods

The Syktyvkar Federal Court found three residents of the capital of the republic guilty of selling stolen goods. Among the convicted was Vladimir Sokolov, the now notorious in certain circles. In the past, he was a police officer, he was considered a talented operative and predicted a brilliant career. V. Sokolov worked in the criminal investigation department of the police department of Syktyvkar, which specialized specifically in the disclosure of property crimes, and, accordingly, knew a lot about operations with stolen things.

An unpleasant story put a cross on the career of an operative, which brought a group of Syktyvkar policemen to the dock. Several years ago, three operas by the police department of Syktyvkar were accused of beating a suspect. Subsequently, police officers were acquitted of this episode, but the court found V. Sokolov guilty of abuse of power and rape. The verdict was passed in March 2002, and already in November, the former policeman was released on parole, having not spent 1 year and 5 months before the end of his sentence.

By the time of the next arrest in July 2005, V. Sokolov worked in one of the Syktyvkar companies as a client manager. But he spent a lot of time in the office of the private detective agency "XXI Century", which is headed by one of his two friends, who appeared in that very unpleasant story with an impact on the suspect. After the scandal, he left the police and engaged in a private investigation. By the way, the choice of this kind of activity for former police officers is not uncommon. During their service in the internal affairs bodies, they acquire the necessary communications and experience for the private investigator.

In the office of the detective agency V. Sokolov and received money for stolen property. And more precisely - for a MAZ car stolen from the parking lot of KomiAvtoZapchast LLC (MS, July 28, August 4, 2005).

Recall, the brand new MAZ, valued at 1 million 351 thousand rubles, was parked on the Sysolsky highway in the territory of the former Syktyvkar Mechanical Plant and was intended for sale. But on the night of July 1, 2005, the car disappeared from the parking lot in an unknown direction, but with a famous person driving. MAZ was hijacked by an employee of KomiAvtoZapchast LLC Pavel Kosnyrev.

P. Kosnyrev worked in a warehouse and did not have access to cars. But, using his official position, he made a duplicate of the keys to the MAZ. After work, the storekeeper scribbled tales to the guard, got behind the wheel of an expensive car and drove off - supposedly to aerate. The watchman suspected something was wrong after only a few hours. He called the director of the company Alexander Popov, but by that time the hijacker was already far away. So far that P. Kosnyrev, put on the federal wanted list, has still not been found. But the director of the LLC received news about the stolen MAZ a few days later - under very strange circumstances.

It is worth noting that for information about the disappeared car, a reward of 100 thousand rubles was announced. Only two people responded to the ads, but their information did not correspond to reality. And on July 9, V. Sokolov contacted A. Popov and suggested that he pay a ransom for the missing car - 15 thousand dollars. The next day, the former policeman came with the same offer to the office of KomiAvtoZapchast LLC.

A. Popov reacted to the stories of the persistent visitor with understandable suspicion, therefore, on July 13, the negotiator brought evidence of the stolen MAZ as the director of the LLC. The car was in a garage.

The next day, V. Sokolov again came to the office of KomiAvtoZapchast LLC to discuss the details of the “transaction”. A. Popov tried to bargain and bring down the price, but the “seller" did not yield a dollar. In the end, the director of the company agreed to pay the required amount (according to the current exchange rate at that time - 435 thousand rubles). The transfer of money was scheduled for July 19.

On that day V. Sokolov invited A. Popov to the meeting by telephone. Only there, a former policeman reported the time, place, order of transferring money and receiving a car. The principle was simple: first cash, then the return of MAZ. But this scheme did not suit the director of the company. Without reaching an agreement, the men decided to continue negotiations in the evening at the office of KomiAvtoZapchast LLC.

A few hours after a new long and unsuccessful conversation, V. Sokolov drove A. Popov to inspect the MAZ. In the area of house No. 10 on Industrialnaya Street, they were expected by Oleg Sokolov's friend Oleg Razmyslov. By the way, O. Razmyslov is also quite famous in Syktyvkar: in the past he was the director of popular entertainment venues, in the summer of 2005, he held the position of commercial director of LLC Construction Installation Company.

O. Razmyslov directly asked A. Popov if he had brought the required amount. The director of the company said that he had no money with him. In response, the source said that since the “client” has no cash, no one will show him the car. V. Sokolov suggested that A. Popov still go to the office for money - without them, they say, no meaningful conversation would come out. On that and dispersed.

A. Popov went to the office of KomiAvtoZapchast LLC, and V. Sokolov and O. Razmyslov went to the hostel of Syktyvkar State University, located on Kommunisticheskaya Street. There they were expected by a 4-year student of the Faculty of Physical Education, Alexander Mashkalev, who was directly involved in this matter. After the agreed signal, he was instructed to present “MAZ” to the person whom he would be shown.

In accordance with the new plan, the friend A. Popov was supposed to inspect the car, and the director of the company brought cash to the office of the 21st Century detective agency. V. Sokolov accepted the ransom. On the night of July 20, 2005, the company of "sellers" of stolen MAZ was detained by officers of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. All negotiations on the return of the car were conducted under the supervision of Chekists, who developed a special operation to capture the attackers.

A few days after the arrest of three suspects in the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Kazakhstan, an unknown “well-wisher” called and said where the stolen MAZ was. Chekists found the car in the indicated place.

There are still many dark spots in this story. For example, it is not very clear how V. Sokolov, O. Razmyslov and A. Mashkalev found out where the hijacked MAZ was hidden. They themselves claimed that a certain businessman Mikhail Filippov informed them of the whereabouts of the car. He allegedly handed over the pictures of MAZ and told about the perpetrators of the theft, as well as that the abductors plan to sell the “iron horse” for 10 thousand dollars. Then, they say, the intention was ripened among friends and demanding money from the owner of the car for its return. M. Filipov explained that he had received MAZ photographs from some strangers.

At the hearing, V. Sokolov, O. Razmyslov and A. Mashkalev agreed with the charges against them and petitioned to hear the case in a special order - without examining the evidence collected. All three were found guilty of selling criminally obtained property. V. Sokolov received a sentence of imprisonment of one year and nine months. O. Razmyslov and A. Mashkalev received one year of conditional imprisonment.

Lyudmila Tsvetkova

The link is not valid

 

[частный детектив Курск]

La agencia de detectives Kroll ha sido investigada.

La agencia de detectives Kroll fue investigada en Rusia.

Kroll, la firma de detectives de investigación corporativa más grande del mundo, está siendo investigada en Rusia. La Duma del Estado y la Fiscalía General del país iniciaron simultáneamente una investigación sobre las actividades de la firma estadounidense, que ahora es propiedad del gigante asegurador Marsh McLennan, presuntamente por el hecho de que la firma no tiene licencia para realizar actividades detectivescas en Rusia, informó el británico The Times. (Texto completo en el sitio web InoPressa.ru.)

"Estamos al tanto de la investigación", dijo Kroll, pero declinó hacer más comentarios.

Según las fuentes, Kroll ha llamado la atención de algunos miembros de la élite política rusa debido a los vínculos con Mikhail Fridman, el oligarca detrás de Alfa Group, un conglomerado de banca y telecomunicaciones. Alfa Group ha estado en una difícil batalla legal durante casi dos años por la propiedad de una participación en la empresa de telecomunicaciones MegaFon. Friedman, quien afirma que Alfa posee su participación a través del fondo de inversión de Bermuda IPOC, ha sido acusado de adquirir ilegalmente la participación. El proceso aún no ha terminado.

Se cree que Kroll generó críticas después de realizar una serie de investigaciones sobre el Ministro de Telecomunicaciones en nombre de Friedman. "La mayoría de las empresas extranjeras de investigación empresarial que operan en Moscú no tienen licencia porque es demasiado difícil de obtener", dijo un ex director de Kroll a The Sunday Times.

Nikolai Leonov, diputado de la Duma del Estado, pidió una investigación sobre las actividades de Kroll, cuya oficina existe en Moscú desde hace más de 10 años: "A sugerencia de grandes estructuras empresariales como Alfa Group, que contratan a detectives extranjeros empresas para "asignaciones delicadas" existe una peligrosa tendencia a la persecución de los ciudadanos rusos "

https://www.d-pils.lv/

 

[частный детектив Курск]

Private investigation and shadow economy in Latvia and abroad.

The penetration of “red roofs” into the private detective services market of Latvia objectively leads to the emergence of competitive relations with private investigators. At the same time, state-criminal parity is formed, in which civil servants become subjects of the shadow “power economy” and partners of offenders.

This article was prepared for the Round Table on the topic: “Shadow business in the Baltic countries: challenges and realities”, held on February 25, 2009 by the Baltic International Academy, the online magazine baltic-course.com and the Confederation of Employers of Latvia.


Private investigation. Who is who
Private investigation. Who is who

A search is a generalized name for operational investigative activity (ORD), counterintelligence activity (KRD), private detective activity (CSD), and political investigation.



Private detective (detective) activity consists in the provision of services to individuals and legal entities on a reimbursable contractual basis by the entities of this activity who have special permits (certificates, licenses) in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of their customers. Private investigation is one of the types of entrepreneurial activity.



The subjects of private investigation are:



- individuals - private detectives (detectives);

- legal entities - private detective (detective) enterprises;

- services of internal (own) security, as a unit of a private enterprise.


Is there a law? - There is a law

Private detective work is regulated by the Law of the Republic of Latvia “On Detective Activity” adopted by the Seimas on July 5, 2001 and proclaimed by the President of the Republic of Latvia on July 20 of the same year.



The activities of the Internal Security Services are regulated by the Law of the Republic of Lithuania “On Security Activities” of May 11, 2006, a by-law of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Lithuania, which is called the “Procedure for the Registration of Internal Security Services” No. 1072 of December 28, 2006 and, in terms of the detective work referred to above, by the Law "On detective work."


Two in one

In a market economy, a public safety system consists of the following elements:



- state law enforcement agencies;

- private security structures;

- informal structures ("roofs").



Private detective work - private detective activity, which is carried out by its respective entities (for example, private investigators), refers to the activities of private security structures. Private investigation is thus an element of a public safety system.



On the other hand, a private investigation is an entrepreneurial (commercial) activity permitted by law, and its entities act as employees, individual merchants, or legal entities.



Therefore, a private investigation is the unity of two types of activity: private law enforcement and entrepreneurial, and a private investigator is the subject of 2 types of activity in one person.


Private Investigation - Honest Investigation?

In answering this question, it is necessary to take into account the “dualism” of private detective activity, on the one hand, law enforcement, and on the other, business.



There are about a hundred private detectives and detective companies in Latvia, more than a hundred internal (own) security services. Being officially registered in the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Commercial Register and acting in strict accordance with the Law of the Republic of Lithuania “On Detective Activities” and other regulatory legal acts, these subjects of private investigation - private entrepreneurial activity, can be counted as “honest detectives”, and activities figuratively to put it, it can be called

"An honest detective."



Is a shadow economy possible, the subjects of which are representatives of private investigation?



According to State Duma deputy Gennady Gudkov, “tens of thousands” of illegal detectives work in Russia. In other words, these people provide detective services without registration with the Ministry of Internal Affairs, without having the licenses provided for by legislative acts. There is a “gray” (private investigative) shadow economy.



Only common sense is enough to suggest that in Latvia there is a “gray” economy, the subjects of which are private investigators. “Dishonest detectives” are recruited, in particular, from those employees of state law enforcement agencies who, in the conditions of the economic crisis, are dismissed from public service.



Internal (own) security services (SB) of commercial enterprises “play” according to the rules of the employer. If the employer is law-abiding, then the rules of the “game” of the Security Council are in accordance with the law. If the employer is a “shadow worker”, such is the SB.



As for the "black" shadow economy, the private investigation, represented, for example, in the form of the Security Council of criminal structures, of course, serves the interests of this sector of the shadow economy.


Shadow economy - an object of private investigation

The shadow economy can become an object for which private investigative activity is directed in three cases:



- firstly, “from the filing” of customers in need of private investigation services;

- secondly, when on a contractual basis with participants in the process (state law enforcement agencies), measures are taken regarding the shadow economy;

- thirdly, if in the process of private detective activity signs of the shadow economy are detected (for example, signs of organized criminal activity - the “black” shadow economy).



In the second part of Article 2 of the Law of the Republic of Lithuania “On Detective Activities”, among 8 types of listed detective services, paragraph 5 states: “clarification of facts of unfair competition, illegal commercial activity and other illegal economic activity”. Thus, the legal base of the private investigation to counteract the shadow economy is, and the shadow economy, as an object of attention of the private investigation, is defined.


In unity is power. And vice versa.

To implement the above services to counter the shadow economy, the following private investigative actions are legally allowed:



1. Oral questioning of citizens and officials (with their consent).

2. Inquiries.

3. The study of objects and documents (with the written consent of their owners).

4. External inspection of buildings, premises and other objects.

5. Surveillance (surveillance) to obtain the necessary information.



For comparison, the law permits the subjects of the state investigation - ORD (operative-search activity):



1. Interviews with individuals.

2. Inquiries.

3. Collection of samples for comparative studies.

4. Test purchase.

5. The study of objects and documents.

6. Observation.

7. Identification of personality.

8. Inspection of premises, buildings, structures, terrain and vehicles.

9. Control of mail, telegraph and other messages.

10. Listening to telephone conversations.

11. Removing information from technical communication channels.

12. Operational implementation.

13. Controlled delivery.

14. Operational experiment.



From the foregoing, obvious conclusions suggest themselves:



1. In order to effectively counteract the shadow economy, the private investigation and the state investigation (ARD) must constantly interact with each other and coordinate their work, making optimal use of the available opportunities.

2. In addition to the permitted private detective actions by the Law of the Republic of Lithuania “On Detective Activities”, by-laws are needed that would clearly regulate the procedure for implementing the said actions. For it is not enough to allow “making inquiries” when it is forbidden for private investigators to obtain such information, for example, in the Register of Residents of the Republic of Latvia.

3. The availability of wide opportunities for the subjects of the ARD, in the absence of proper control, creates the prerequisites for the emergence of all three types of shadow economy, the subjects of which may be employees of state law enforcement agencies:



- “white-collar” (leak of confidential information, unauthorized use of “closed” databases, etc.);

- “gray” (work for the client, police “protection”);

- “black” (merging with organized crime).



At the same time, private detectives can also act as service customers, which translates into the shadow, with the real prospect of criminal prosecution, of private detective activity.


Prospects for the development of private investigation in Latvia

In Latvia, it is necessary to improve the legal framework in order to expand the capabilities of private investigations, for example, access to information databases (Register of residents, criminal records).



In the absence of such, there is a real threat of corruption by state law enforcement agencies.



It is necessary to strengthen interaction and coordination with state law enforcement agencies (for example, within the framework of the created public Council under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania).



It is important to optimally use the experience of foreign countries:



- collective security systems in the USA (in Latvia - Kaiminu drosiba - Neighborhood Safety);

- the adoption of certain functions of the ARD (Germany);

- improvement of PRS.



It should be noted the dangerous trends that manifest themselves in Latvian society:



- reanimation of criminal roofs;

- Strengthening and improving the “red roofs” (entities — state law enforcement agencies);

- further development of the “white-collar” power economy;

- latency of private investigation (leaving professionals in the "gray" shadow economy).


The shadow must know its place

The need to combat the shadow economy is recognized by all. There is a discrepancy in determining the goals and instruments of this struggle.



The goal - the complete elimination of the shadow economy - is obviously wrong. It is impossible to destroy the shadow economy. The goal is not to destroy, but to optimize its scale. It is necessary to restrain the shadow economy within the framework in which it does not destroy the economic system.



One of the tools to counteract the shadow economy is a private investigation, improving the capabilities of which in cooperation with the activities of state law enforcement agencies helps to achieve the above goal.


findings

1. Private investigation - a real element of the current public security system.

2. The shadow economy is a constant, mostly negative, factor in the operational environment, the fight against which, especially the “white-collar” and “black” ones, is one of the most important tasks of the law enforcement system.

3. A private investigation has a legal basis and opportunities to counter the shadow economy, but needs legal regulation of specific private investigations.

4. Private investigation, being one of the types of commercial activities, is vulnerable to the shadow economy.

5. Further improvement of the legal framework, the creative development of foreign experience, strengthening interaction and coordination with state law enforcement agencies are the main directions for enhancing the effectiveness of private investigations in containing the shadow economy.

6. The penetration into the market of private detective services of the subjects of the ARD - “red roofs”, objectively leads to the emergence of competitive relations with the subjects of private investigation, excluding interaction and coordination. At the same time, state-criminal parity is formed when government officials become subjects of the shadow “power economy” and partners of offenders.


From foreign experience: private investigation and state law enforcement against the shadow economy


USA

Currently, the United States is widely used to prevent and combat economic crime programs (read the shadow economy) in the interaction of state law enforcement agencies with private security agencies (security agencies and detective bureaus).



Private detective bureaus, as a rule, are referred to:

- theft of goods, documents;

- counterfeit credit cards, payment documents;

- bribery, financial fraud;

- computer crimes;

- thefts committed by company employees.



The reasons for refusing to help state law enforcement agencies are:

- insignificant extent and size of the caused damage;

- high costs of litigation.



In addition, the desire to maximize the confidentiality of commercial transactions also encourage more than 75% of American entrepreneurs to resort to private investigation services.



The ability to concentrate and store commercial information in private detective bureaus cannot but worry customers. In this regard, special agreements are concluded in which the procedures for the accumulation, storage, use and subsequent destruction of commercial, business and other information that can cover or disclose the financial, debt or other position of the client company are carefully stipulated.



Many firms create their own security services (PRS). The United States is characterized by participation in the creation of the PRS of state intelligence services, in particular the FBI and the CIA, which use specialized departments and commercial structures for their own purposes. Many U.S. concerns and corporations have special services in these departments. The posts of security officers have been introduced in firms and enterprises performing state orders.



Since the beginning of the 90s of the last century, a broad-based system of collective business security has been introduced in the United States, within the framework of which the State Department and more than 500 US corporations regularly exchange information on the most pressing issues of business threats. The eyes and ears of the system became, in particular, the representative offices of such companies as American Air, Procter & Gamble, Black of America, MacDonald's, IBM, etc., scattered around the world.




United Kingdom

A characteristic feature for the UK is the desire of entrepreneurs to minimize the undesirability of publicity, the slightest damage to the reputation of a company, bank, etc.



For this reason, cases of economic violations investigated by employees of their own security services, in most cases, remain beyond the reach of state law enforcement agencies.



UK search agencies are capable of performing specific tasks deemed illegal by state law enforcement agencies (for example, obtaining confidential information about competitors or other private enterprises).



On the whole, the range of issues addressed by private security agencies includes, first of all, investigation of computer offenses, security checks on office premises, and identification of special equipment and listening devices.


Germany

Private security structures created on the initiative and with the support of special services take on some of the operational-search activities, which is not typical for private detective organizations in the United States and Great Britain. Private investigators maintain regular contacts and exchange operational information with the police and counterintelligence agencies, in some cases even carrying out joint activities.


France

The recent trend in France is the rapid increase in the activities of their own security services in industrial-trading companies and financial institutions, especially in the field of combating computer crimes.



The demand for private detective services is growing on the part of individuals, managers and senior employees of commercial banks, insurance companies and law firms.



Among the activities of private detectives include:



- combating trademark abuse;

- identification of unfair competition;

- industrial espionage and counter espionage;

- security measures in the banking system.


Nordic countries (Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark)

In these countries, detective offices are classified as private enterprises. At the same time, it is understood that their establishment, registration, financing, taxation, legal status and activities are regulated by the general norms of the current legislation.



There is a tendency to expand the functions of state and departmental special services - detective bureaus, to counteract industrial and commercial espionage.



In the Nordic countries, computer crimes and their prevention are also relevant.


https://www.baltic-course.com/ [/ url]

 

[Матушкин Андрей Николаевич]

Asunto: Investigación privada y economía sumergida en Letonia y en el extranjero.

¡Gracias!

 

[Матушкин Андрей Николаевич]

Re: La agencia de detectives Kroll ha sido investigada.

¡Gracias!

 

[Детективное агентство. Барс. Нижний Новгород.]

Re: Detective en el "siglo XXI"

Gracias por la info! Pero trabajando con Sokolov y, además, de cerca y a menudo con él, ¡ciertamente no lo sabía! Pero como dice el refrán, ¡no te excuses de la bolsa y la prisión! Pero de todos modos, como no me comuniqué con él, ¡sigue siendo un tipo decente en relación con la habitación! Y el hecho de que sucediera así, ¿bien ??? ¡Él mismo tiene la culpa! ¡Funciona mal! ¡Esto es lo que puedo decir! De todos modos, aunque el primero --- ¡PERO OPER! Y como dice el refrán, "¡NO HAY EXPERIENCIAS!" Pero los que no funcionaron como ópera ---------- Y PARECE UN DETECTIVO ---------------- estropean todo nuestro panorama! Después de lo cual hay que limpiar la suciedad y, además, ¡llega a las canchas! Así que tengan en cuenta a los caballeros ... ¿NO PUEDEN? ¡NO LO TOMES! ¡O HAGA LO QUE SE PROPORCIONA! Rim: ¡juzgan a todos!

BUENA SUERTE A TODOS LOS CABALLEROS D E T E K T Y V S !!!!

 

[Детективное агентство. Украина. Харьков. Львов.]

Detective agencies abroad

In recent years, the leading countries of the world in matters of law enforcement and security have increasingly focused not only on state special agencies, but also on private detective bureaus and security agencies involved in investigative and search activities, research on various aspects in the fight against offenses.


The private sector is becoming increasingly involved in law enforcement. This is due in some cases to the insufficient training of the special services and the police to solve some specific tasks at the proper professional level.
In the United States, registration of private detective and security firms falls under state jurisdiction. 35 states have laws specific to private detective bureaus.

The main condition for their activity is the registration and obtaining of licenses, which are issued by state executive authorities specially defined by law, or by its official representatives. At the same time, US citizenship is a mandatory requirement in 16 states. In 22 states of the USA for registration as a private security guard or a detective, a characterization, a letter of recommendation is required.
A license is usually issued for a period of 1 to 2 years. Under the Mackin's Law (New York State), private individuals can be engaged in both individual individuals and groups of individuals united in a bureau and firms. Previously, these persons must obtain permission to conduct investigative, security, patrol, detective activities in the apparatus of the governor of the state.

According to paragraph 72 of this law, a person who intends to engage in private investigations must submit to the state governor’s office a detailed questionnaire indicating: full installation data, place of residence for the last three years, previous and present place of work. Photographs and two sets of fingerprints must be attached to the questionnaire. It is necessary that at least one employee of the newly created detective (security) bureau have at least three years of work experience in police, investigative or similar bodies.

The questionnaires must contain information about the candidate’s past life and activity, health status, education documents, and reviews or recommendations from previous places of work are required. In states where this is permitted by law, candidates are tested using a lie detector. All firms carry out mandatory psychological testing of the candidate’s ability to work in difficult conditions.
Private security services are willing to hire former police officers, FBI and CIA officers who were fired without foreclosure, as well as former military personnel, especially those who served in intelligence, special forces, airborne troops, and marine corps.
The growing demand for private security personnel with specialized training has led some American colleges and universities to include courses on various security issues in their programs.

Private security guards, detectives, and investigators in the United States are not allowed to apply measures used by official law enforcement agencies, such as home searches, personal searches, and arrests. They, however, are allowed to detain persons suspected of having committed a crime for transfer to the police.
The activities of the private investigation bureau are evaluated according to the following parameters: the number of thefts detected committed by employees of a particular enterprise, company, institution; analysis of the attitude of employees to such crimes; number of solved crimes; the number of cases of suppression of criminal offenses.

It is characteristic that crimes such as arson, explosions, assaults, robberies, and hacking managers of firms and banks mainly inform the police. When, however, we are talking about so-called “economic crimes”, company leaders prefer not to contact state law enforcement agencies — the police or the prosecutor’s office.

In addition, a fairly significant part of entrepreneurs do not turn to the police, but to the services of private agencies, regarding the investigation of the following offenses: acts of vandalism, theft of goods and goods, bribery and fraud, counterfeiting of credit cards and insurance policies, thefts committed by company employees, computer crime, drug abuse.
The main reason for the refusal of companies to intervene with the police is the scale of the crimes committed, the insignificant amount of damage incurred, the lack of necessary evidence, the high cost of a trial, the length of the investigation, and the imperfection of the law. In some cases, the police are not informed in order to avoid publicity, the consequences of which could be more harmful than the crime itself.

In Canada, private detective bureaus are governed by special acts that are part of provincial law. Each province, based on local conditions, develops and adopts its own acts, which stipulate the conditions for the establishment and operation of private bureaus. The general and prerequisite for all acts is the procedure for registration and obtaining permission for private detective activity in the province.
The main areas of activity of private detective (security) agencies in Ontario (Canada) include: the protection of individual citizens with the help of bodyguards; protection of embassies and foreign missions; moving patrols; fight against petty theft in stores; conducting investigations; outdoor surveillance; fight against fraud; television and video surveillance; installation and maintenance of electronic alarm systems.
Private detective offices in Canada provide services to customers on a confidential basis.

In the UK, many private firms specializing in the production of alarm systems have been created. In addition, many of these firms are responsible for protecting the property of private industrial enterprises and maintaining law and order within the borders of their territory. In some cases, the formation of private companies closely cooperates with local and national police units, which bear the main responsibility for maintaining public order and observing the rule of law in the country.

In addition, in the UK there are currently a significant number of private detective agencies, the services of which are used by both individual citizens and industrial companies. The largest of these include: Argen, Kroll Associates Control Risks, Derby Associates-Security Consultants, Private and Commercial Investigations, Nationwide.
The country does not have any laws or government regulations requiring "mandatory registration of private detectives. Of the 2 thousand detectives, only 300 are registered as members of the Institute of Professional Investigators, located in Blackburn.
Currently, the government considers it necessary to introduce registration with a mandatory special check of detectives by the police. This is justified by the fact that a private detective who is not registered anywhere without any license can, at his own discretion, use a rather wide arsenal of operational equipment and forensic tools, the services of fingerprint experts, monitor any person, photograph him on the street, workplace, in other public places.
In recent years, in the UK, the range of criminal investigation issues solved by private agents primarily includes investigations into computer system crimes.
Among the most promising areas of work of private detective agencies include: ensuring the security of office and private premises; identification of listening devices; personal protection of clients, including foreign citizens.

In France, the activities of private detective bureaus are regulated by Law N 891 of September 28, 1942 with subsequent amendments. Former French police officers may become owners of private detective bureaus only with the written permission of the Minister of the Interior.
According to Law No. 80-1058 of December 23, 1980, any violation of the above provisions of Law No. 891 “is punishable by imprisonment for a term of 1 to 3 years and a fine of 6 to 40 thousand francs”. The head of the bureau is subject to the same penalty if he uses the services of private agents who do not meet the requirements of the law.

In the Federal Republic of Germany, a private detective bureau must be registered as an "institution engaged in craft (craft)," since it "pursues the goal of making money," and must comply with all laws and regulations regarding institutions of this kind. The founder does not require special education or relevant work experience. A prerequisite for the establishment of a bureau is the presence of a minimum capital of 50 thousand marks of Germany.
Private security services in the Federal Republic of Germany are divided into two groups: agencies involved in the provision of security services to firms and state institutions for facilities and persons subject to physical protection; factory protection units created by the firms and institutions themselves.
According to the Federal Law on Private Enterprises (paragraph 34a), the opening of a private security service requires special permission from the authorities, as well as contracting with a customer: department, enterprise, company. Permission may be refused if the private service does not provide the necessary security or does not have sufficient financial, technical, or other capabilities for this.
Specific criteria for “safety reliability” are set out in the relevant regulations and directives of individual land governments. Directives and instructions of the federal minister regulate issues of control over the activities of private security services, their equipping with weapons and special equipment, and their preservation of official and company secrets of protected enterprises.
The widespread involvement of private security services for guarding sensitive facilities, the increase in the number of factory guard units at enterprises and firms that are able to compete with the police force the Federal Ministry of the Interior to constantly deal with the issues of identifying and clarifying the tasks that they solve in order to prevent them from becoming uncontrolled " private police. ”

In Italy, the introduction in 1989 of a new code of criminal procedure almost legalized the activities of private detective bureaus, making them full participants in the trial, which can provide advice and assistance to the defense in collecting evidence in favor of the accused.
Despite this, private detectives themselves believe that their situation remains ambiguous, since so far there is no law in Italy regulating the activities of private detective bureaus (28 bills have already been rejected by the Italian parliament), so many detective bureaus in Italy operate without any sanctions and permissions. According to some estimates, their number reaches 5 thousand.
In the current economic conditions in Russia, there is sometimes an uncontrolled process of privatization of the security sphere: the creation of search and external security units, security departments of commercial activities, and internal security services. In general, this process is inherent in all countries with market economies and private entrepreneurship.
In the national security system abroad, these bodies carry out, as it were, the first line of the signaling system about the possible preparation of crimes and specific illegal activities. Having received this information, private security services, as a rule, transmit this information as a primary signal to the central law enforcement agencies.
Thus, the security system in the field of combating organized crime has several levels: the first is the protection by the security services and the protection of their own departmental and company secrets of state and private commercial structures; the second is the organization of operational development by federal intelligence agencies.
A similar situation has developed today in Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Japan and other countries.
Summarizing, we note: abroad, there is a fairly clear distribution of responsibilities between central, departmental and private entrepreneurial structures in charge of counterintelligence matters and ensuring the safety of commercial activities.

Source - lavlinks.ru

 

[Матушкин Андрей Николаевич]

Re: agencias de detectives en el extranjero

Sergey, ¡gracias! Muy informativo.

 

[Витаутас. Частный детектив г. Вильнюс. Литва]

Detectives e investigadores privados en el mundo.
La profesión de detective privado es generalizada y respetada en todo el mundo. Pero incluso hoy en día, es ignorado, tolerado o prohibido en varias formaciones estatales, dependiendo del grado de democratización de un país en particular.

En las dictaduras, la profesión de investigador privado generalmente está prohibida o comparada con una fuerza policial auxiliar.
Las actividades de tales organizaciones las llevan a cabo personas relacionadas (y, por lo tanto, comunicaciones) con organismos gubernamentales o servicios oficiales (ex policías, ex miembros de servicios de inteligencia, etc.).

En Europa, la profesión de detectives privados está reconocida por la Directiva de la Comunidad Europea de 1967, que garantiza la libertad de empresa en todos los estados miembros de la UE. Ningún país puede prohibir o restringir los derechos de un empresario privado sin ser condenado por el Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas.
La profesión de detective privado (investigador) tiene un marco y requisitos estrictamente regulados en algunos países europeos, como España, Francia, Austria y Bélgica.

En Bélgica, los detectives tienen una tarjeta de identidad profesional, que deben presentar a solicitud de las autoridades, clientes o terceros: “En el proceso, un detective privado siempre debe tener una tarjeta de identificación con él (...). Está obligado a presentar esta tarjeta a la primera solicitud de un representante de la policía o servicios especiales, así como a un cliente ... "

En España, el Ministerio del Interior emite un permiso para realizar trabajos de detective. Al mismo tiempo, existen requisitos claros para las personas que desean participar en este tipo de actividad:
1. El candidato debe ser un adulto, física y mentalmente sano, poseer ciertos conocimientos para realizar este tipo de actividad.
2. El candidato debe pasar una prueba de aptitud.
3. Tener un diploma oficial de un detective privado.

La emisión de dicho diploma se lleva a cabo después de aprobar un curso de capacitación especial y alcanzar un cierto nivel de conocimiento y habilidades.
Fuente: Ley de Seguridad No. 23/1992 del 30 de julio de 1992 (“Ley de Seguridad privada”) y Real Decreto No. 2364/94, No. 2364/94 Liquidación (regulación) de asuntos de seguridad privada - “Reglamento de Seguridad Privada” - (“ règlement sur la sécurité privée »)

En Austria, para convertirse en un detective privado, debe aprobar un examen oficial.

En Letonia, la profesión de detective está claramente regulada. El director de la agencia debe ser ciudadano de Letonia. No condenado y no padece adicción al alcohol o las drogas. Se requiere que tenga educación superior en esta especialidad.

En el ducado de Luxemburgo, por el contrario, la profesión de detective privado no está completamente desregulada.
Sin embargo, las empresas de seguridad deben obtener el permiso del Ministerio de Justicia (ley del 12 de noviembre de 2002 y un decreto del Gran Duque del 22 de agosto de 2003 sobre las actividades de las empresas de seguridad privadas).
En una carta de fecha 10.23.2007 dirigida a la Unión Federal de Investigadores de Derecho Privado, el Ministro de Justicia del Gran Ducado de Luxemburgo confirma que "la profesión de detective no está regulada por la ley de Luxemburgo. Para participar en actividades de detectives, es suficiente tener un permiso comercial, de acuerdo con la Ley del 28 de diciembre de 1988 "sobre actividades comerciales".

En Dinamarca, la ley sobre el trabajo de detective fue derogada. Cualquiera puede convertirse en un "investigador privado". La Asociación Danesa de Detectives Privados Profesionales requiere la restauración de la ley y la restauración del procedimiento para obtener permiso para participar en actividades de detectives después de aprobar el examen oficial.

A diferencia de Europa, en algunos estados africanos, como, por ejemplo, Mali (el primer artículo de la Ley N ° 96/202 del 21 de febrero de 1996 sobre la protección), el trabajo de detective privado está prohibido. Esta profesión está permitida en Burkina Faso, donde está bajo el patrocinio del Ministro de Seguridad Nacional y la Administración del Territorio. (Ley N ° 010/98 / del 21 de abril de 1998, que regula las condiciones para la intervención del Estado y la distribución de las esferas de influencia).

Marruecos aún no cuenta con una legislación que regule las actividades de los detectives privados, pero la primera ley (N 27-06) sobre profesiones de seguridad fue ratificada por Su Majestad Mohammed VI (Dahir No. 1-07-155 19 kaada 1428 30 de noviembre de 2007) para controlar las actividades. protección y entrega de efectivo.
Este texto (más bien cercano a la ley francesa No. 83-629, enmendada el 12 de julio de 1983) establece que, independientemente de su solvencia crediticia y sus calificaciones, las agencias de seguridad tienen prohibido realizar cualquier otra actividad que la permitida: como en Francia, no pueden combinarse sus actividades con las actividades de un detective privado.
La Sección 14 de esta Ley prohíbe que las personas involucradas en esta actividad "interfieran en cualquier momento y de cualquier forma en el curso de disputas laborales o eventos relacionados con ellos. También tienen prohibido participar en el monitoreo de personas pertenecientes a partidos políticos, movimientos filosóficos y religiosos, así como a líderes sindicales ".

En los Estados Unidos, el trabajo de detective privado está regulado por las leyes de cada estado: en algunos estados, no necesita ningún permiso para participar en este tipo de actividad (Alabama, Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Mississippi, Missouri, Dakota del Sur), en otros se requiere confirmación de crédito, se requiere experiencia en este campo al menos 3 años o 6,000 horas en el campo de las investigaciones, la disponibilidad de educación especial (derecho penal, conocimiento de la justicia, medicina forense, etc.), confirmada por un diploma especial. Esta actividad es monitoreada por el Departamento de Justicia y la Oficina Federal de Investigación.

Existe la profesión de un "investigador legal" que N.A.YU.S. (NALI) - Asociación Nacional de Investigadores Legales (Asociación Nacional de Investigadores Legales 21 Sacramento, CA 95814-3118 - California) emite un certificado para el derecho a ejercer.
El "investigador legal" se especializa en investigación legal y judicial: debe tener un buen conocimiento de la ley y la jurisprudencia.

En Suiza, en algunos cantones, se canceló el control sobre la actividad de detectives, lo que parece paradójico, ya que las consecuencias de esta actividad pueden ser tangibles (violación de la privacidad y la posibilidad de espionaje).
Pero, en el cantón de Ginebra, el Consejo de Estado emite una tarjeta de identificación profesional con una fotografía, que un detective privado puede presentar a pedido. (a la derecha hay una tarjeta de identificación de detective privado profesional emitida por las autoridades suizas)

En Canadá, la profesión está regulada, y los investigadores privados tienen tarjetas de identificación profesionales (Sección 6 de la Ley de detectives del 1 de septiembre de 1974, modificada el 22 de junio de 2006).

Hubo un centro de capacitación para detectives: el “Colegio DETECH de la División de Investigadores y Detectives Privados de Quebec”, creado el 14/10/1998, en Blenville (45, Notre Damm - QC - J7C1Z7), luego, en 2002, se trasladó a los suburbios de Montreal, pero en junio 2006 cesó sus operaciones.

En 2005, el Servicio de Relaciones Interpersonales y Desarrollo Social de Canadá acreditó una escuela especial (bajo N7009 / 11117): CHECK-MATE Private Investigation School, domicilio social: 1, Mercier Square, Kandiak, QQ , J5R 4R5.

La ley canadiense requiere que un detective tenga educación y capacitación "universal":

- Diploma de educación secundaria. (necesario)
- Título universitario en derecho y seguridad (puede ser requerido)
- Pasar capacitación adicional (pasantía) en el curso del trabajo.
- Experiencia como oficial de policía (puede ser requerido para oficiales de seguridad)
- Identificación oficial de un investigador privado.

Por lo tanto, "investigadores privados" y "detectives privados" (en Francia prefieren el término "investigador"), los detectives de hoteles y los detectives de tiendas pueden ser educados en:
1. Red River College de Educación Continua. Ofrece un plan de estudios de seguridad (Certificado avanzado).
2. En la Academia de Aplicación de la Ley del Noroeste. Esta es una institución privada de formación profesional que ofrece un plan de estudios de derecho, defensa y seguridad (certificado).
3. En la Academia de Aplicación de la Ley y Seguridad de Canadá. Esta es una institución privada de formación profesional que ofrece los siguientes programas (certificados): derecho, seguridad y protección, agente de seguridad de nivel III, seguridad y prevención de pérdidas en el comercio minorista.

La licencia de un investigador privado es emitida por la "Comisión de Licencias de Detectives Privados y Servicios de Seguridad", nombrada por el Ministro del Ministerio del Interior. Esta licencia confirma que la persona que llevará a cabo actividades de detective directamente o administrará la Agencia tiene experiencia y capacitación. Según la Comisión, esto es esencial para el funcionamiento de esta institución. Lo mismo ocurre con los agentes de la compañía.

 

[InfoPoisk]

Gracias.