Detective privado. Intervención a la línea telefónica. Vigilancia.

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¿Qué hacen los detectives privados hoy en día?

Más de 50 detectives privados trabajan ahora en San Petersburgo y hay unas 30 organizaciones involucradas en la investigación privada. Aproximadamente el mismo número de empresas individuales y firmas realizan este tipo de trabajo de vez en cuando. A veces, solo su intervención ayuda a resolver los casos criminales más "sordos" o salvar a las personas, al parecer, en situaciones desesperadas... Agentes secretos Hay muchas dificultades y problemas, obstáculos insuperables en el trabajo de los detectives a sueldo. Tropiezan continuamente con prohibiciones, las traspasan y violan leyes. No suelen llegar a hacer grandes cosas. Y a veces la investigación de este o aquel episodio se prolonga dolorosamente, o incluso no se mueve en absoluto. En comparación con los organismos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley, los "comerciantes privados" solo tienen dos ventajas: menos carga de trabajo (la cantidad de casos investigados por los detectives difiere cientos de veces) con más financiación (al menos un orden de magnitud mayor). De ahí el mejor y más rápido resultado que los seguidores de Alan Pinkerton consiguen periódicamente. Pero no siempre. En general, no sabemos casi nada sobre su trabajo real. Y la razón principal aquí es que el primer principio de todo detective privado u oficina de detectives es la confidencialidad al cien por cien. Pero todo el secreto tarde o temprano se aclara. A menudo, las hazañas de los investigadores privados (tanto positivas como negativas) todavía se hacen públicas. "Devolver el apartamento"! Anna Vladimirovna insistió en que quería irse de la ciudad. Bueno, solo duerme y se ve a sí mismo como el ama de una casa pequeña y acogedora en un pueblo remoto y tranquilo en la región de Leningrado. Por lo tanto, dicen, y vende su "Khrushchev" de dos habitaciones a un precio de ganga. El dinero que una mujer de 53 años pidió por un apartamento (con un área total de aproximadamente 52 metros cuadrados) en San Petersburgo realmente no fue tan grande: 40 mil dólares. Según los estándares del mercado, el costo de esta vivienda fue de 10 a 15 mil dólares más. La familia Kudrov no tenía dinero sólido, pero tenían el sueño preciado de mudarse a un apartamento de dos habitaciones. Durante mucho tiempo, 6 personas se acurrucaron en una habitación de 25 metros en un departamento comunal. Habiendo ahorrado parte de los fondos para el pago adicional, habiendo pedido prestada otra parte a amigos, la familia había estado buscando un apartamento decente durante varios meses, que pudieran comprar vendiendo la vivienda existente. Cansado, casi perdido la esperanza... Y luego, un éxito raro: a fines de octubre, de repente, sale un anuncio sobre una opción digna a un precio asequible. El acuerdo tuvo lugar en noviembre de 2004. Y en marzo de 2005, los Kudrov fueron vistos en el umbral de una de las agencias de detectives de San Petersburgo. Los nuevos clientes le dijeron a los detectives privados lo siguiente. Aproximadamente un par de meses después de que los Kudrov adquirieran bienes raíces, investigadores forenses visitaron su nido familiar apenas equipado. Los sirvientes de Themis trajeron a los propietarios la mala noticia de que su derecho a poseer esta propiedad está en gran duda. Ya que, cuando Kudrov vendió el apartamento, los familiares de Anna Vladimirovna, de 53 años, acudieron a los tribunales exigiendo que la transacción fuera declarada ilegal, ya que el propietario del apartamento supuestamente padecía una enfermedad mental incurable y estaba loco. En marzo, se acercaba la decisión de la corte. Había muchas razones para creer que no sería a favor de los Kudrov. Al mismo tiempo, los desafortunados compradores categóricamente no creían en la "anormalidad" de Anna Vladimirovna ... Esta investigación se ha convertido en una de las más rápidas en la práctica de esta agencia de detectives. En unas pocas semanas, los detectives privados descubrieron que la enfermedad mental de Anna Vladimirovna, así como los certificados de su locura, se hicieron después de la firma del contrato de venta de viviendas. Los detectives encontraron al médico que cometió tal falsificación y lograron demostrar que el médico recibió un soborno de los familiares del "paciente" por esto. Toda la información fue transferida de inmediato a las fuerzas del orden. Como resultado, se inició una causa penal contra el médico y los familiares-sobornadores. El tribunal rechazó la solicitud de declarar inválida la transacción. Además, los Kudrov demandaron una indemnización por daños no pecuniarios y se quedaron a vivir en un apartamento nuevo, realmente propio. Al borde de la ley La legislación actual prohíbe a los detectives no estatales realizar muchas de las cosas sin las cuales su actividad es simplemente impensable. Las leyes se rompen constantemente. Pero para bien o para mal, sólo se puede juzgar en cada caso. - Si sigue literalmente la ley "Sobre las actividades de seguridad y detectives privados", en principio será imposible trabajar, - dice Sergei Nikolayevich N., un detective privado con experiencia, jefe de una de las principales agencias de detectives de San Petersburgo .- Las grandes agencias aún pueden permitirse mantener el equilibrio al borde de la ley, y las oficinas pequeñas o los detectives solitarios generalmente la violan todo el tiempo. Por ejemplo, instalan dispositivos de escucha, espían a particulares, utilizan la ayuda desinteresada de agentes de policía, o incluso se presentan como agentes de la ley... Sin embargo, en este caso difícilmente mienten. Un detective, sin buenas conexiones comprobadas en la policía, es como un conserje en un tutú: se ve divertido, pero no tiene sentido. Según las estadísticas, el 98% de los detectives privados en San Petersburgo y Moscú son ex empleados de varias agencias de aplicación de la ley. Esto, por cierto, se considera una característica de la investigación privada rusa. En Occidente, Sherlock Holmes está especialmente entrenado. Nuestra escuela de policía es común tanto para "policías" como para detectives. El número de detectives privados en las orillas del Neva y en todo el país ha crecido especialmente en los últimos cinco años, de 8 a 13 veces (dependiendo de la región), lo que una vez más indica que cada vez más especialistas se están yendo. fuerzas del orden en busca de una vida mejor, que al mismo tiempo permitieron aplicar su experiencia. En alrededor del 40-50% de los casos, los detectives privados espían a las esposas y esposos infieles. Otro 20-25% de su trabajo es la recopilación de información para clientes comerciales sobre competidores, así como la búsqueda de deudores que "olvidaron" devolver el dinero. La búsqueda de personas desaparecidas representa el 10-15% de los pedidos. También hay muchos pedidos pequeños sin especificar el propósito: disparar con cámaras de fotos y video, instalar todo tipo de "bichos" y cámaras ocultas en oficinas y apartamentos, vigilancia exterior, recopilar varios tipos de información, etc. Pero al mismo tiempo, los propios detectives recomiendan: es mejor cuidar su seguridad con anticipación, trate de asegurar y proteger su vida de tales problemas que luego lo obliguen a contratar a un detective ... *** PRECIOS Hoy, en la calle desde $ 200 -350 por día; - monitoreo externo del automóvil - desde $ 250-500 por día; - vigilancia con grabación de video - 2 veces más cara; - con fotografía - el precio aumenta en $50-80; - recopilación de toda la información sobre una persona o empresa - desde $ 1000-1500; - detección de infidelidad esposo, esposa - desde $ 800; - búsqueda de estafadores o deudores - desde $800-1200; - investigación de robo - desde $1200-1500; - búsqueda de personas desaparecidas - desde $1500. /Correo de San Petersburgo (San Petersburgo), 08.09.2005/

 

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la investigación privada no está en demanda entre los empresarios de Komi

Si bien la investigación privada no tiene demanda entre los empresarios de Komi, los detectives deben buscar mascotas perdidas.

El mercado de detectives privados en Komi tiene buenas perspectivas de desarrollo, pero hasta ahora, los clientes se limitan a solicitudes para seguir a una esposa infiel o encontrar un gato perdido. Tal opinión en una entrevista con un corresponsal de KomiOnline fue expresada por Dmitry, un detective privado en Syktyvkar.

“La gente piensa en estereotipos y no sabe que el detective se dedica principalmente a la búsqueda y recopilación de la información necesaria. A menudo me preguntan si llevo un registro de los cónyuges infieles. No, no lo sigo, porque no le veo el sentido y contradice la ley ”, dijo Dmitry. - Pero se reciben tales solicitudes y, a veces, se trata de lo ridículo: se vuelven para encontrar un gato o un perro. Algunos quieren instalar micrófonos para vigilar a la otra mitad de nuevo”. El propio detective, según su confesión, no se ocupa de tales casos, pero algunos colegas, aparentemente, por falta de trabajo, están de acuerdo con todo.

Según él, los servicios de un detective privado son principalmente necesarios para los negocios: por ejemplo, alguien necesita encontrar deudores, recopilar información sobre competidores, las compañías de seguros deben verificar la impecabilidad de un evento asegurado. En los procedimientos civiles y penales, los materiales recopilados por el detective pueden convertirse en causa de acción o evidencia, un investigador privado está listo para encontrar un testigo, mientras que un abogado no lo hará. Además, hay otras áreas de trabajo importantes: la búsqueda de personas desaparecidas, la recopilación de información sobre un empleado que consigue un trabajo, la capacidad de seguir el círculo social del niño para padres especialmente atentos. “La policía no buscará a la persona desaparecida con tanto cuidado, al menos por una razón: falta de tiempo, mientras que el detective llevará a cabo su investigación desde y hacia”, explicó Dmitry. “Él puede proporcionar todos los datos al empleador”.

Sin embargo, en Komi, ninguno de estos servicios tiene una gran demanda todavía: no quieren pagar por la información, aunque los precios de las agencias de detectives en la república y en las ciudades centrales varían mucho. "Personalmente, tomo al menos 15 mil rublos, la recopilación de información es un proceso laborioso, la cantidad incluye varios costos", dijo Dmitry. “Y en Moscú y San Petersburgo, no trabajan por menos de dos mil dólares”.

Otro tema "escurridizo" es la legalidad de las actividades de los detectives. “Por supuesto, obtenemos licencias del Ministerio del Interior, pero resulta que por ley la recopilación de información es un trabajo semilegal. Durante mucho tiempo han querido modificar la legislación anterior para legalizar todo, pero hasta ahora esto no ha sucedido”, dijo Dmitry.

Sin embargo, el detective Syktyvkar cree con optimismo que este mercado también se desarrollará activamente en las provincias. “Había una vez que no se abordaba a los abogados particulares, pero ahora no se quedan sin trabajo”, agregó. En su opinión, crecerán los negocios y el espíritu empresarial en Komi, y también crecerá la demanda de diversos tipos de información. “Mientras tanto, esas agencias que aparecen se cierran en un año. Pero solo los profesionales que no solo tienen experiencia laboral en las agencias de aplicación de la ley, sino también varias conexiones en toda la región pueden girar en esta área”, concluyó Dmitry.

https://www.objavleniya.ru/advertisement ... ind/31633/Original: IA "KomiOnline": todas las novedades

 

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Detective privado.
Cazador de traidores

Mal amor...

Las historias sobre la vigilancia de cónyuges infieles de alguna manera fluían imperceptiblemente de la vida extranjera a nuestra realidad. Aqui esta uno de ellos. Un detective privado de San Petersburgo le dijo a su corresponsal "Cambio" bajo condición de anonimato.

La seguridad del vicepresidente de un banco de renombre encontró una "cola" en forma de Zhiguli, que durante varios días había estado atada por la ciudad detrás del Mercedes número 600 del jefe. Los guardaespaldas decidieron que se estaba preparando un intento de asesinato y decidieron prevenirlo ellos mismos. Para empezar, revisaron la oficina del jefe y encontraron un "bicho" en un florero (después de eso, varios empleados del banco que ingresaron a la oficina, e incluso la esposa del jefe, cayeron bajo sospecha). Luego, según los números de los autos, los guardias de seguridad "descubrieron" al dueño del "Zhigulenka". Resultó ser un ex empleado del departamento de investigación criminal.

El potencial asesino fue puesto inmediatamente bajo vigilancia. Y un día después se enteraron: la ex ópera se reunió en un café con la esposa del vicepresidente. El observador no escuchó la conversación, pero no parecía una cita amorosa. Esa misma noche, se mostró una foto de la fecha secreta al vicepresidente del banco. Después de un par de horas, el banquero tuvo una conversación seria con su esposa y todo encajó.

Resultó que la mujer sospechaba de la señora de traición. Pero hacer berrinches sin pruebas no estaba en su naturaleza. Y marcó el número del detective privado...

Hubo un caso en el que un detective privado de San Petersburgo que filmaba una escena de traición tuvo que saltar desde el tercer piso y huir de los guardias de la instalación con una pierna rota. Para escapar de la persecución, tuvo que lanzar una cámara de video. Después de eso, el detective pasó un mes en el hospital. Al enterarse de la falla, el cliente (la esposa de un importante hombre de negocios de San Petersburgo) no pagó ni un centavo a los detectives.

Porno duro a la orden

Al escuchar estas historias nuestras, los empleados de las agencias de detectives privados de la ciudad en el Neva simplemente sonrieron:

- Cualquier cosa puede pasar en la vida. Estos tipos todavía se salieron con la suya, de lo contrario podrían haberles disparado. Por si acaso.

En los años 90 del siglo pasado, la demanda de vigilancia de los cónyuges infieles estaba solo entre los millonarios y oligarcas rusos. Pero en la actualidad, los servicios de detectives privados en el campo del matrimonio y las relaciones familiares no solo son utilizados por los superricos.

Según el director de una de las agencias de detectives privados de la ciudad, casi uno de cada tres residentes de San Petersburgo que ordenó un control de diligencia debida de un cónyuge (otra opción: la novia / novio) es un representante de la clase media. Muy a menudo esto se debe a las peculiaridades del contrato de matrimonio, cuando contiene una cláusula según la cual un cónyuge condenado por adulterio pierde casi todo durante un divorcio. Y por eso, agarrar al “infiel” de la mano puede ser un negocio rentable no solo en familia, sino también económicamente.

Los detalles más pequeños se discuten con detectives privados. Algunos de ellos se limitan solo a imágenes generales en la calle, que representan a personas hablando pacíficamente. Otros, como los paparazzi experimentados, están listos para acostarse con sus amantes. Aquí no se puede escapar el “objeto” que, dicen, se trata de un amigo de la infancia o primer amor que conoció por casualidad en un café.

Si la tarifa del detective es lo suficientemente alta, entonces el "objeto" puede incluso ser provocado a la traición. Recientemente, el copropietario de una gran red comercial en San Petersburgo se vio envuelto en un proceso de divorcio y, como resultado, perdió su participación en el negocio y parte de su propiedad. La chica con la que se divirtió en una sala equipada con cámaras en Nevsky Prospekt dejó al pobre hombre esa misma mañana, y el hombre nunca más la volvió a ver. Pero la esposa, viendo porno duro realizado por su propio marido, se frotó las manos con placer en previsión de un divorcio ganador.

Otra categoría sólida de clientes de detectives privados son los pretendientes extranjeros. Los solteros occidentales ricos siempre piensan que las mujeres rusas quieren engañarlos. Distorsionaron deliberadamente la información sobre ellos mismos que publicaron en Internet para utilizar a los extranjeros ricos para beneficio personal. Por cierto, tales controles para agencias privadas no son difíciles. Los estafadores matrimoniales profesionales que los detectives privados conocen sin excepción.

Al borde de la ley

Los métodos utilizados por los detectives privados en San Petersburgo prácticamente copian los métodos de trabajo operativo de los empleados del Ministerio del Interior y el FSB. Esto no es sorprendente, porque la mayoría de los detectives privados son ex policías y "miembros del comité". Por regla general, estas personas forman la columna vertebral de cualquier agencia de detectives. Además, en diferentes periodos de tiempo, pueden trabajar para la agencia los empleados que no sean de plantilla y que no tengan una formación especial en los cuerpos. Estos son piratas informáticos que irrumpen en la correspondencia de Internet de los amantes, o actores que seducen al "objeto", así como fotógrafos profesionales que filman la traición.

De acuerdo con la legislación, los servicios de este tipo están regulados por la Ley “Sobre las Actividades de Detectives Privados”. Sin embargo, en la práctica, incluso la observación visual ordinaria puede estar al borde de esta ley. Es por eso que los detectives a menudo trabajan bajo tierra. Dinero en lugar de un casete o una foto. Y sin contratos. Después de todo, la pérdida de una licencia significa el cierre de la agencia. Muchos detectives entienden que sus actividades violan directamente el derecho a la privacidad de los "objetos" ordenados. Pero la alta tarifa supera todas las preocupaciones.

Los servicios de detectives son caros. Si la naturaleza del trabajo realizado es primitiva, por ejemplo, para averiguar si Ivan Ivanovich realmente va a la casa de baños con amigos los jueves, y no a una belleza de 20 años, entonces pueden limitarse a mil dólares. Pero no hay límite superior en tales servicios. Entonces, según las historias de los profesionales, si hay un "objeto" y hay medios, entonces puede "quemarse" incluso en la órbita espacial. Y, en consecuencia, las tarifas aquí son de decenas de miles. Es cierto que existe la posibilidad de que el traidor rastreado no deje esto sin respuesta y pueda ordenar no solo contravigilancia, sino incluso un asesino para un detective demasiado rápido ...

Alexey MARTOV

 

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La demanda de servicios de detectives privados está creciendo en Rusia

La demanda de servicios de detectives privados está creciendo en Rusia

El dicho “confía pero verifica” parece convertirse en un principio de vida para muchos rusos. Al parecer, esto explica el crecimiento de la demanda de los servicios de detectives privados, registrado recientemente por los expertos.
"Supervisión" de trampas, control de niños, investigaciones corporativas, y esta no es una lista completa de los servicios que los detectives están listos para brindar a sus clientes.
Los primeros detectives privados en nuestro país aparecieron a principios de los años 90. En ese momento de turbulencias, la demanda de investigaciones o búsqueda de familiares desaparecidos por parte de la población era extremadamente pequeña, por lo que la actividad principal de los detectives se reducía a participar en enfrentamientos entre empresarios y los “hermanos”. Afortunadamente, las personas que eligieron esta profesión por sí mismas conocían de primera mano las formas de resolver este tipo de situaciones: la mayoría de los detectives recién formados provienen de las fuerzas del orden y los servicios especiales. Ahora la atención de los detectives se centra principalmente en las investigaciones corporativas internas.
"La mayoría de las veces, se contacta a un detective debido a robos en la propia empresa", dice Igor Goloshchapov, presidente de la junta del Centro de Coordinación de Jefes de Seguridad y Estructuras de Detectives. - En tal situación, el liderazgo prefiere realizar una investigación interna, para no asustar a los perpetradores y no lavar la ropa sucia en público. Después de todo, estos casos pueden causar graves daños a la reputación de cualquier empresa.
Los bancos también son clientes habituales de los detectives. Esto se debe, en primer lugar, al deseo de minimizar el número de impagos de los préstamos. Por ello, se envía a las agencias de detección una base de datos con información sobre los posibles prestatarios para su posterior verificación.
Los asuntos familiares son otra actividad no menos importante de los detectives. Es cierto que las oficinas acreditadas prefieren no tratar con tales pedidos. “Seguir a cónyuges infieles solo tiene sentido en Occidente”, explica Oleg Zimin, fundador de la agencia de detectives Call. - Y en nuestro país, donde la tradición de celebrar un contrato de matrimonio está prácticamente ausente, esto no es aconsejable: no solo recopilar esa información significa equilibrarse al borde de la ley, sino que las pruebas presentadas no son válidas en los tribunales. Por lo tanto, puede instalar vigilancia familiar solo por su propia tranquilidad.
Otra cosa es cuando se trata de niños. Recientemente, los padres adinerados, muy cargados en el trabajo, a veces preguntan si su hijo está en malas compañías. Y a veces simplemente ordenan una escolta encubierta de su descendencia para asegurarse de que no le pase nada.
También recientemente, las órdenes para la verificación de futuros cónyuges han sido especialmente populares. Aquí no estamos hablando tanto de traición, sino de obtener otra información. Como dicen los detectives, a veces en el curso de una investigación de este tipo, a veces se descubren detalles inesperados. En particular, el novio de una dama no solo le ocultó su verdadero estado civil (resultó que había estado casado durante varios años y tenía hijos), ¡sino incluso su verdadero nombre! Los cónyuges legales tampoco se duermen: cuando están a punto de solicitar el divorcio, ellos, con la ayuda de un detective, averiguan si el esposo, saltándose el presupuesto familiar, tiene un par de cuentas en Suiza y se compró un chalet en Canarias. Islas.
Una de las áreas de trabajo más importantes de los detectives en la actualidad se ha convertido en la búsqueda de personas desaparecidas. Debido a la gran carga de trabajo de la policía, que físicamente no puede prestar suficiente atención a cada caso concreto, los familiares de los desaparecidos recurren cada vez más a los detectives privados. Sin embargo, según Oleg Zimin, no todas las órdenes se aceptan para su ejecución. “Obviamente hay casos desesperados”, explica el especialista, “por ejemplo, la búsqueda de un abuelo que sufre amnesias repentinas, o un adolescente que se ha escapado repetidamente de casa”.
Pero con la ayuda de un detective, puede seguir el rastro de un viejo amigo, compañero de clase o ex amante, cuya conexión por una u otra razón fue interrumpida.
¿Significa que en caso de algún tipo de problema, debe comunicarse con los detectives y no llamar a 02? Una fuente policial está segura de que no tiene sentido hablar de ningún tipo de competencia entre comerciantes privados y estructuras oficiales. “Nuestras actividades profesionales prácticamente no se superponen”, explica el policía. “Los detectives investigan los casos en los que no hay corpus delicti. Su deber es cumplir órdenes privadas. Pero si durante la investigación resulta que se ha violado la ley, entonces el detective está obligado a informarnos sobre esto y retirarse de la investigación.
Esto sucede porque en Rusia, a diferencia de, por ejemplo, los Estados Unidos, los detectives prácticamente no tienen poderes especiales para realizar investigaciones. "En nuestro país", dice Igor Goloshchapov, "un ciudadano común tiene más derechos para participar en el trabajo de detective que un detective profesional, aunque solo sea porque en ese caso no tiene nada que temer de la revocación de su licencia".
Sin embargo, a juzgar por los datos del experto de Finam Investment Company, Vladislav Kochetkov, el volumen del mercado de servicios de detectives casi se duplicó este año y alcanzó los 120 millones de dólares. Al mismo tiempo, según los expertos, el crecimiento del mercado se debe en gran medida a los detectives ilegales, cuya participación, según diversas fuentes, es de hasta el 90% de los detectives.
Según uno de estos “comerciantes privados”, que, por razones obvias, se negó a dar su nombre, es mucho más fácil trabajar sin un estatus oficial, porque una licencia no otorga derechos especiales, pero impone muchas restricciones. Esto es especialmente cierto para el uso de equipos especiales.
En cuanto al costo de los servicios de detectives, según los detectives, no hay tarifas estándar, al igual que no hay órdenes estándar. Sin embargo, algunas cifras indicativas aún lograron averiguarlo. Por lo tanto, realizar una investigación corporativa en promedio le costará al cliente entre 5 y 6 mil dólares, buscar a una persona, entre 4 y 5 mil dólares, y establecer la observación de un niño, entre 500 dólares.
El negocio parece rentable, pero, según Oleg Zimin, no todo es tan sencillo. “La mayoría de las agencias”, dice, “que surgieron a mediados de los 90, se vieron obligadas a parar sus actividades. Solo sobrevivieron aquellos que lograron hacerse un nombre y adquirir una clientela sólida. Porque en nuestro negocio, la reputación lo es todo. Si lograste ganarlo, las cosas van como en una cinta transportadora, si no, debes interrumpir con órdenes aleatorias.

IA "Alliance Media" basado en los materiales del periódico "New News"

 

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Life on the verge of investigation

175 years ago, in 1832, the first private detective agency was created in Paris. Since then, the image of a private investigator has become part of popular culture - there are probably more novels written about people in this profession and more films made than about anyone else. Meanwhile, not everyone realizes that the main task of a private investigator is not to protect the law, but to violate in the interests of the client.

Thieves Detective
The profession of a private detective is relatively young, although private security companies have been known in Europe since the 18th century, and the protection of people and their property existed in ancient times. It can be considered that a private investigation owes its appearance to Eugene Francois Widoc. This extraordinary man lived in France in the first half of the 19th century and is known in our country mainly for the film "Vidoc" with Gerard Depardieu in the title role.

At first, Vidok was an ordinary criminal - he made a living by theft, robbery and robbery. In 1808, Vidok went to prison, from which he could only get out of one way - becoming a police informant. He turned out to be a brilliant provocateur and turned in more than one criminal to the police. In 1812, Vidok proposed organizing a special unit of undercover masters like himself. In Paris, under his leadership, the Trust Brigade was created, consisting of 12 detectives, many of whom had a criminal past. Knowing perfectly the world of crime, Vidok managed to inflict a heavy blow to him. In 1817 alone, his unit arrested 811 offenders, including 15 murderers and 38 stolen buyers.

The louder the fame of Vidok, the more he was envious of the police leadership. In 1832 he was accused of organizing crimes himself, in order to later reveal them with brilliance. It is not known how fair these accusations were, but one way or another, Vidok had to leave the service. However, the 57-year-old detective was still full of energy and was not going to rest. In 1833, he founded the company "Detective Bureau" - in fact the first detective agency in history. The bureau specialized in economic crime. Vidok undertook the investigation of financial fraud, as well as the search for hiding debtors, and was very successful: in the first two years of his work, he managed to return about 60 thousand francs to his clients. The secret of success was the same: Vidok hired former crooks who knew the fraudulent tricks to work in the bureau. Vidok was engaged in this business until his death in 1857 and managed to earn not only fame, but also considerable money, because each time, returning the stolen goods to the client, he took a certain percentage of this amount.

Vidoc succeeded because he correctly assessed the situation. He understood very well that many people who were in trouble did not go to the police because they were afraid of publicity, because they did not want to get involved with the state bureaucratic machine, and, finally, because they did not believe in the success of the investigation that people would conduct. interested financially in its success. But in the private detective bureau, the client received a guarantee of complete confidentiality and, of course, understood that the detective was interested in conscientious fulfillment of the contract, and not in high crime detection rates, which often harmed the case. However, the client usually expected that a private detective, if necessary, would break the law, if only to achieve the goal. Vidoc, for example, was famous for his ability to act, going beyond the law, which gave customers additional confidence in the ultimate success of his investigative measures.

Since then it has been so. Private detectives always acted where police intervention would be insufficient, impossible, or undesirable, and the methods they practiced were often classified as dubious. In fact, private investigations have not changed much since the time of Vidok. But the composition of clients resorting to the services of commercial detectives has varied significantly.

Hotel evidence
Following Widoc, the iconic figure in the history of private investigation was the famous Alan Pinkerton, who founded his business in 1850 in Chicago. However, his agency was never purely detective. Rather, it was a small but well-trained army of mercenaries capable of tracking down the stage robbers or providing security for an important person. In particular, Pinkerton fighters at the beginning of the North-South Civil War guarded Abraham Lincoln, who, thanks to their talents, managed to escape the assassination and was killed just after his guard was assigned to the military.

After the death of Alan Pinkerton in 1884, his company went into business, previously not a private detective at all. At the end of the 19th century, strikes of workers became commonplace in America, which, of course, was not very popular with employers. Business often responded to union demands by mass layoffs and hiring strikebreakers. The workers, of course, did not favor strikebreakers, drove them from enterprises, attacked and beaten. At the same time, the police, then too weak and poorly organized, had little hope. It was here that entrepreneurs and private detective agencies came in handy, which in those years in the USA continued to remain legalized detachments of mercenaries.

Pinkerton National Detective Agency was one of the first to supply militants to protect strikebreakers from attacks by angry workers. Naturally, soon the oldest detective agency in America appeared competitors. So, even during the Civil War, Pinkerton broke away from the company with George Thiel at the head - The Thiel Detective Company. She also joined the fight against the strikers, and one of her leaders, former cavalryman John Farley, was so successful in this difficult matter that he was nicknamed the “king of strike strikers”. In 1895, Farley founded his own "detective" agency, dealing exclusively with strikes. The business was more than successful. Farley received $ 1 million for the failure of the strike in San Francisco. The average price of a package of anti-strike actions was $ 300 thousand, while the entire office of Farley repaid 35 strikes. By 1914, John Farley was a multimillionaire. In fact, private detectives performed classic police functions on strikes, that is, they protected working strikebreakers from furious strikers, but at the same time, employers could be sure that such protection would work quite effectively and, if necessary, would be waived by law in order to fulfill the contract.

Thus, at the end of the 19th century, many American detective agencies were more likely private security forces than detective agencies themselves. The existence of such private armies finally worried the U.S. Congress, and at the end of XIX several laws were passed prohibiting the recruitment of such organizations in order to organize armed security. By the 1940s, the class struggle in the United States acquired a more peaceful character, which was associated with the rise of the American economy and improved working conditions, so the detectives had to wean themselves from pogrom-policing activities and return to their true calling - private investigations.

Meanwhile, the demand for the talents of private detectives has long been formed on both sides of the Atlantic. True, to investigate mysterious and dark crimes in the spirit of stories about Sherlock Holmes had to be infrequent. The most common order in the second half of the 19th century was to obtain evidence of adultery, without which in those days divorce was almost impossible. In England, for example, the law of 1857 determined the field of application of the forces of private detectives mainly family affairs. After the adoption of this law, British independent detectives enthusiastically fabricated what was called "hotel evidence" when one of the spouses was caught in a hotel in a society of the opposite sex. In particular, the London detective Harry Benson, known at the end of the 19th century, kept a date for this house, and also had a whole staff of gigolos and prostitutes under his wing, who, if necessary, could provide incriminating evidence to any of his clients.

The same thing was done in America. Here is what the New York Times wrote in 1910: "One political Brooklyn Republican decided to divorce his wife in order to marry another woman ... The husband spoke about his intentions to the Brooklyn detective agency, and immediately an attractive young man who worked in this agency, went to the house where his wife rented an apartment. " The young man quickly met a woman, making the most pleasant impression on her. He invited her to the theater, and then to the restaurant, where he put sleeping pills in her wine, after which the lady said that she would "feel better if she lies slightly in bed." The young man took her to a hotel room, where he stayed with her for an hour. At the same time, the detective registered the number in his own name and in the name of "his wife." In other words, adultery was imitated by all the laws of the genre. The scam revealed itself by accident: someone identified in the "lover" employee of the Brooklyn agency. But such failures were rare.

In fairness, it must be said that private detectives have repeatedly proved their effectiveness in other matters: they often found missing people and stolen things faster than the regular police, because they were personally interested in the results of their searches. At the same time, they did not pursue popular fame, even the greatest successes of individual detectives did not become public, which completely satisfied their clients.

Political role
At the beginning of the twentieth century, something else was added to the search for debtors and surveillance of unfaithful spouses. Private detectives turned out to be in demand by the establishment, including politicians, and it was a matter of more serious matters than revealing adultery. The first private detective after Alan Pinkerton, who gained access to the top, was William Burns, who since 1908 headed his own detective agency in Chicago. Burns was a good detective and an excellent PR man - by the beginning of the 1920s he was known throughout the country as "the best detective ever born in America" thanks to his own literary work: he wrote detective stories for magazines in which he described his own exploits. In 1921, Warren Harding, who once engaged in the publishing business, became the president of the United States. He appreciated Burns' ability and appointed him the head of the recently created Bureau of Investigation (now the FBI). As befits a private detective, Burns worked, often going beyond the legal field - in particular, he actively participated in the machinations of the corrupt environment of Harding. In those years, the so-called gang from Ohio, the fellow countrymen of the president who received prominent posts in the administration, was grouped around the White House. Burns was implicated in the Tipot Dome case, the essence of which was that the "Ohai" quietly privatized the oil field, which was considered the raw material reserve of the US Navy. For covering up the scam, Burns lost his post in 1923, but one of his nominees not only continued to feed on politics, but also managed to surpass the former glory of the former glory.

Gaston Mins, who was born in 1879 in the family of a well-known lawyer, had a talent for politics that was valuable for politicians - he could lie with inspiration and conviction, and it seemed he did it with great pleasure. He began his career as a school teacher, but soon re-qualified as a traveling salesman, and then as a private detective. In 1911, Mins began working for the New York Detective Agency. However, he did not work so much as composed colorful reports on his exploits. Gaston Mins constantly found some valuable evidence and interesting twists and turns in the cases entrusted to him in order to drag out the investigation as much as possible, because while the investigation is progressing well, dismissals can be safe. With the outbreak of World War I, Mins began working for German intelligence and drove her by the nose in the same way as his superiors. He inflamed the imagination of the Germans with information about spies and conspiracies, and thus "honestly" worked out the fee - the standard $ 100 per day.

When the United States entered the war against Germany, Mins wisely broke up with the Germans and returned to his usual detective work. He began working for Maud King, a young widow of a timber merchant who bequeathed a large part of his fortune to a nursing home. The woman suspected that the old people got more than she was told, and hired Mins to find out more in detail. Of course, the detective got down to business and successfully pulled money from the widow. In addition, Mrs. King needed advice on which companies to invest in and which not to. Gaston Mines undertook to invest her funds and, of course, stole them. True, he burned out on his own investment projects. Soon, Mod King got married and also began to suspect something, but then misfortune happened. During a walk with Mins, Mrs. King died from a bullet fired from her own gun. At the trial, Mins lied so convincingly that the jury believed that Mod King accidentally killed herself by a shot in the back.

When William Burns recruited Gaston Mines in the Bureau of Investigation in 1921, he already had a bad reputation, but it seems that this was exactly what the “Ohio gang” needed. They began to entrust Mince with the most dubious operations, with which, I must say, he coped well. In particular, he was ordered to steal correspondence between the wife of President Florence Harding and a certain "Mrs. X" - an astrologer, with whom the first lady consulted on all matters. If it had been revealed that many decisions in Washington were made under the dictation of some sorceress, there would be no scandal; moreover, there were rumors that "Mrs. X" was the mistress of the president himself. Gaston Mins monitored the fortune teller’s house, and when he found out that she had a black maid, he sent his Negro employee, who seduced the maid and thus gained access to the house. Soon the documents were stolen.

In 1924, when Burns had already lost his post, Mins was put on trial because of his own dark affairs. While working in the bureau, the detective "protected" bootleggers, for which he was sentenced to two years. But, coming out of prison, he continued to do what he liked. To begin with, Gaston Mins published a book in which he claimed that President Harding, who died in 1923, was poisoned by his own wife. The journalist who wrote the book with his words, he did not pay. Then Mins found wealthy clients willing to give money to fight communism. Gaston Mins "exposed" two non-existent Soviet agents and began their "development", reporting to employers on the progress of the operation. For example, he several times "stole" secret documents from spies, and they, in turn, "stole" them from him. Finally, he stated that one spy shot another and burned the documents.

With such scams, Mins could have sneaked up to old age, but he was ruined by the dream of breaking a big jackpot. In 1932, America was shocked by the news of the abduction of the child of the famous pilot Charles Lindbergh, who was the first in the world to fly across the Atlantic. A friend of the Lindbergh family was socialite Evelyn Walsh Macklin, known mainly for having acquired the priceless blue diamond Hope, which once belonged to Marie Antoinette herself. Macklin, like many other clients of private detectives, did not really believe in the ability of the police and, having heard about Mines's bad reputation, decided that he would probably be able to find the missing baby.

Soon, Gaston Mins, as usual, announced that he had attacked the trail of the kidnappers. He pulled a lot of money out of a compassionate Macklin and, in particular, had a very good rest in Florida - under the guise of a trip related to the investigation. Finally, Mins announced that he had made contact with the criminals and that they were ready to give up the child in exchange for $ 100,000. Evelyn Maclean pledged her diamond to raise money, and Mins soon said that the operation had failed. He was not going to return the money, because he was allegedly stolen by some scammers who pretended to be messengers from Maclean. This time, Mins was not able to get out, as it turned out that the Lindbergh baby was killed shortly after the abduction, which means that the whole story about contacts with the abductors was a lie from beginning to end. Mins went to jail, where he died, but his story did not discourage the powers that be from seeking the services of private investigators.

Presidential Army
At the beginning of the twentieth century, society still regarded the figure of a private detective with some suspicion, but in the 1930s this image was already romanticized by numerous books, movies and comics, where people in cloaks with a raised collar and hats pulled over their eyes effectively dealt with enemies of society. Over the years, the services of detective agencies and detective freelancers have become more and more popular. Companies often hired them to check the integrity of their partners or to delve into the past of their own managers. In addition, private individuals were still looking for debtors, stolen cars and escaped wives, and still ordered staged "hotel evidence". So, in the early 1970s, in England, the owner of a detective agency was tried, who tried to collect incriminating evidence against a certain rich resident of London. A specially sent woman tried to seduce the object, but he turned out to be a faithful spouse and did not succumb to temptation. Then three powerful fellows pounced on a man who got into custom development, threw him into bed next to a dummy lady and in this position took a picture ... The dirt collector was taken to clean water, but he escaped with a fine and a suspended sentence.

Presidents also did not leave private detectives with their attention. Richard Nixon, who entered the White House in 1969, believed that he needed his own investigative agency besides the CIA and the FBI. Private detective Anthony Ulasevich, better known as Tony Yu. Ulasevich, had a wealth of experience in detective work, was chosen to be the president’s personal investigator. Like Widok, he rose from the bottom of society - was born into a family of poor Polish immigrants. In 1943, Ulasevich became a patrol policeman in Harlem, so he knew perfectly well the inside of the life of a big city. In 1949, Anthony Ulasevich was admitted to the Bureau of Special Services and Investigations (BOSSI) at the New York Police Department. Now his functions included protecting the first persons of the state and their guests. So, Ulasevich ensured the safety of Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, singer Paul Robson, Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista and even Nikita Khrushchev, who came to America in 1960. BOSSI was engaged not only in security, but also in the investigation of especially important cases, which, as it turned out, Ulasevich had a special talent. As a result, the detective accepted the flattering offer - exchanged a police badge for the role of President Nixon's personal private detective.

For $ 22 thousand a year, Anthony Ulasevich had to keep an eye on Nixon’s ill-wishers such as Democratic Senator Edward Kennedy and billionaire Howard Hughes. One of his first cases in a new post was the investigation of the incident involving Edward Kennedy. On the night of July 18, 1969, a car driven by a senator crashed from a bridge into a river. The youngest brother of John Kennedy managed to get ashore, and his young secretary Mary Joe Kopechne died. The case was a lot of strange. So, Kennedy, instead of immediately calling the police, went on foot to the house where there was a party with which he left with Kopechne, after which the senator and two other men returned to the scene of the accident and began to dive in order to save the girl. The next day, Ulasevich began his own investigation and soon managed to provide Republican Nixon with information that became a powerful compromising material against the favorite of the Democratic Party. First of all, it turned out that the car doors were locked and, although the windows were broken, Kennedy would most likely not be able to get out through them. Ulasevich later said: “Dr. Donald Mills did not perform an autopsy. In fact, he determined that Mary Joe was a drowned by eye. My experience in investigating the killings says that Kopechna did not drown. I saw a white foam at her mouth, which means that she died of a lack of oxygen ... There is a version that Mary Joe was strangled before the car fell into the water. " Given that, in addition to Edward Kennedy, there was no one to strangle the unfortunate, it is clear that the Democratic leader hung on a hook from Nixon. At least in the presidential ambitions of the younger Kennedy was put an end to.

True, after a few years, Nixon realized that even Ulasevich could not solve all his problems. When the Watergate affair erupted, it was Anthony Ulasevich who was sent to distribute money to agents who were caught hacking the office of the Democratic Party. Bribes were supposed to make them silent, but it turned out only worse. The role of the detective was revealed during the investigation, which added evidence in favor of the fact that Nixon was trying to hide his involvement in this case. For the president, the scandal, as you know, ended in impeachment, and for his detective - in excommunication from Washington intrigues.

Star affairs
The VIP clientele of private detectives has for some time been not only the American economic and political elite, but also the largely glamorous inhabitants of Hollywood. Stars were confused with crime no less than businessmen and politicians, and more often than not they got into unpleasant situations. Therefore, one of the most successful private detectives of the second half of the twentieth century was the so-called Hollywood detectives, who managed to grab hold of the bohemian clientele.

One of the first to seize on her was Fred Otash, who in the 1960s changed his Los Angeles police service to a private detective practice. While he worked in the police, his tasks included raids on elite clubs to detect illegal drugs and other violations. The local bohemia regularly came across something, and Otash had the opportunity to make many useful acquaintances. He dealt with local mafiosi, as befits a cool cop. In particular, he loved to mock petty boss mafia boss Johnny Stompanato. “I remember once,” said Otash, “my partner and I dragged Stompanato to the Hollywood Hills and punched him properly. Then we stripped him and threw him there, and then called and said that a naked man was running along the street.” But with the immediate boss of Stompanato, the mafia boss of Los Angeles, Mickey Cohen, Otash was in excellent relations, which later allowed him to establish a thriving business.

When Fred Otash opened his agency, his celebrity acquaintances, such as Frank Sinatra, became clients of the detective office. The mafia also had its interest in Hollywood, and the former cop did not refuse services to her either. So, the union boss Jimmy Hoff, who had close ties with the mafia, ordered Otash to follow Marilyn Monroe, because he wanted to get dirt on her alleged lover - President John F. Kennedy. There is a version that Fred Otash really had an audio recording of an intimate meeting between Kennedy and Monroe and, after the death of the actress, sold it to the CIA. It is known for certain that Otash visited the Monroe house a few hours after her death, after which the actress's diary disappeared without a trace. The authorities forgave Otash a lot, since he was an FBI informant and provided very interesting information.

But the most famous Hollywood detective for the entire existence of the "dream factory" is Anthony Pellicano. Pellicano began his detective business in 1969 in Chicago, but soon went bankrupt and a few years later decided to start in that capacity again. Good luck came to him in 1977, when unknown people stole the urn with the ashes of producer Mike Todd - the third husband of actress Elizabeth Taylor. Pellicano in front of the press and the disgraced policemen dug up the urn in the same cemetery where it was stolen. Most likely, he himself abducted her, but Taylor was very grateful to him and introduced him to Hollywood high society. Since then, Pellicano has become a "problem solver", as he called himself, and his clients are movie and sports stars. Most often, he was engaged in extinguishing scandals, buying out photographs from paparazzi and fried materials from journalists. He also skillfully shut his mouth to witnesses. For example, the famous O`J Simpson shortly before the murder of his wife hired Pellicano to silence his secretary, who accused him of rude and abusive behavior. The detective gave her money, and she fell silent. In addition, Pellicano, having received an order for the operational development of a celebrity, often immediately appeared to the "ordered" star for compensation.

Wanting to have a richer collection of incriminating evidence, Anthony Pellicano kept anyone he could under the hood. He recorded telephone conversations of Sylvester Stallone, Tom Cruise, Nicole Kidman and many other stars. He only got caught in 2002, when he hired a gangster to intimidate a journalist who was preparing scandalous material about his client, Stephen Seagal. Pellicano went to jail on charges of illegal wiretapping, blackmail, destruction of evidence and other articles that could probably convict most private detectives, because they are hired for risky and dubious cases that require the same dubious special techniques and methods.

Today, private detectives remain in demand, because people, as in the days of Vidok, do not trust police officers too much, who are not interested in helping the victim, but in quickly closing the case for good statistics. Most of the successes of modern private investigators are evidence of this. For example, several years ago in Texas, the Meyer Detective Agency saved a young man who was accused of seducing a minor from imprisonment. Detectives found that the 14-year-old prosecutor, from the age of 12, herself seduced everyone who fell in her way, and in this case organized a classic fraud, hoping for compensation.

If the crime belongs to the category of minor ones, the victims often have to rely only on the help of a private investigator, since the police have enough other concerns. So, in 2004, an American Kelly MacDonald one morning discovered that a casual acquaintance who had spent the night with her disappeared along with home electronics. All the police had to do was to interview possible witnesses: neighbors, taxi drivers, etc., but the cops said that there was no chance of finding things, and they did not do anything. The victim turned to detective Stephen Scanlon, and he spotted the thief and stolen goods in a few hours. There are a great many such stories, and all because a private detective, unlike a policeman, who is also overloaded with work, is financially interested in a successful investigation. In general, in the foreseeable future, private investigators will not remain without work.

KIRILL NEWS
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