here is a short text from Garfinkel’s book “Everything is under control. Who and how ...”
Simson L. Garfinkel - Associate Professor at the Naval School in Monterey, California, a member of the Harvard University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
Simson Garfinkel received his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Massachusetts in 1975, the Master of Science degree in Journalism from Columbia University in 1988, and his doctorate in computer science from the University of Massachusetts in 2005.
His research interests include everything related to computers: ease of use and security, personal information, privacy, information policy and terrorism.
Garfinkel is the author and co-author of 14 books on computers. He is best known for his work Database of the Nation: The Death of Confidentiality in the 21st Century and Practical Unix and Internet Security (co-authored by Gene Spafford), which has sold over 250,000 copies and translated into dozens of languages since the first editions in 1991.
Author`s site - [DLMURL="https://www.simson.net"] Simson Garfinkel [/ DLMURL]
... The largest database in the world
Probably the largest database today is the collection of web pages on the Internet. The World Wide Web is not only filled with pornographic images, magazine articles and advertisements for all kinds of products, it also contains an amazing amount of personal information: personal home pages, email messages and publications in newsgroups. These records can be automatically examined for revelations, accidental guilty pleas, and other types of potentially valuable information.
Even before the explosive growth of the World Wide Web, a student, later a professor at Arizona University, Rick Gates, became interested in exploring the possibilities of the Internet as a database. In September 1992, he created Internet Hunt, the [p18] scavenger, monthly searching for information on the Web. The first searches were aimed at finding photographs from meteorological satellites and texts of speeches of the White House. The seeker was especially popular among librarians, who at that time were preoccupied with the problem of creating a convenient “Internet directory”.
In June 1993, Gates decided to search for a different kind. The main goal was to find as much information as possible about a person at his email address.
During the week, a group of 32 seekers gathered 148 different pieces of information about Ross Stapleton’s life. [70] A University of Michigan computer reported that Stapleton has a bachelor's degree in Russian language and literature, and computer science. A computer at Arizona University said it has a Ph.D. in information systems management. The US Department of Defense’s Network Information Center (DDN) Network Information Center computer has revealed Stapleton’s current and previous address and telephone number. A brochure received from the Gopher server [p19] of the Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility conference said that Stapleton was one of the speakers and that he was an analyst at the Office of Scientific and Weapons Research] US Central Intelligence Agency.
..... John Orwant, a researcher, developed the Doppelganger program. [229] “Doppelganger is a mystical monster from German folklore who chose an innocent person and spied on him from the shadows, observing his habits, encounters, emotions and characteristics,” explained Oruent. “After some time, Doppelganger began to resemble this person, behave like this person, and ultimately became this person unnoticed by everyone.
Created by Orient software Doppelganger tried to do the same. The program monitored the actions of a person and tried to build his model: what he likes and dislikes, the most significant events of his life. The more information a program could collect about you, the more precisely it would adapt to you. After that, Doppelganger made its database available to other programs on your computer, responding to their requests. For example, looking at which electronic publications you read, Doppelganger built a model of your preferences: which articles you like and which not. The next day, an electronic newspaper reader might ask Doppelganger whether or not to include a specific article in your daily selection. In order not to violate the user's personal secrets, all confidential information was encrypted using PGP when transmitting it over a computer network. [P67] Another Media Lab employee, Max Metral, developed an email assistant. The program monitored the user's actions, built his model, and then tried to use it. For example, if the program noticed that you read emails from your mother immediately after receiving them, then the program began to automatically open them for you immediately after they arrived in the mailbox, and then put it in a separate folder. [230]